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The Rise of Islam: From Bedouin Tribes to Global Empire

This chapter explores the origins of Islam, detailing the social and cultural context of pre-Islamic Arabia. It highlights the Bedouin lifestyle, clan structures, and trading practices in Mecca, a significant city known for the Ka’ba and the Umayyad clan of Quraysh. The chapter discusses Muhammad's life, his revelations, and the establishment of the Umma (community of believers). Following Muhammad's death, the expansion of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads and the subsequent Sunni/Shi’a split is examined, as well as the Abbasid Caliphate's contributions to commerce and knowledge.

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The Rise of Islam: From Bedouin Tribes to Global Empire

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  1. Chapter 6 The First Global Civilization: The Rise of Islam

  2. Before Islam • Bedouin • Nomadic Herders • Small trading towns • Clan Identity • Shaykhs • Rivalries • Trade • Mecca (Umayyad clan of Quraysh) • Ka’ba • Medina (2 bedouin and 3 Jewish clans)

  3. Mecca

  4. Before Islam • Family life • Women had more freedom, Husbands away • Tribal Councils • Poetry • Only major art form • Polytheistic

  5. Muhammad and Islam’s origins • Prominent Family and Clan (raised by family members of clan due to Dad and Mom dying) • His Uncle and Grandfather • Mecca • Khadijah • Travel and Trade • 610-Gabriel • Qur’an

  6. Muhammad and Islams Origins con’t • Preaching in Mecca • Umayyads • Threatening the Ka’ba’s gods • Ali • Medina • Muhammad’s triumphs

  7. Islam • Bedouins and early Arabian town dwellers • Appeals to Arabs • Umma (community of the faithful) • Law code • Refinement of Jewish and Christian revelations • Egalitarianism

  8. Islam con’t • 5 Pillars • The Confession of Faith “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is His Prophet” • Prayer • Ramadan • Zakat • Hajj

  9. The Arab Empire of the Umayyads • 632 Muhammad dies suddenly (with no successor) • Split leads to fighting and eventual consolidation. • Eventually they dominate Mesopotamia, Egypt, and Persia • Expansion- Jihad and exposing weakness of neighbors

  10. The Sunni/Shi’a Split • Ali • Abu Baker-named Caliph • Uthman’s death- Medina vs Mecca • Ali and mediation • Ali’s son, Iraq, Karbala • Shi’a don’t recognize Caliphs (except Ali) • Overtime, factional disputes, differences in ritual, beliefs, and law have widen the differences (Fragmentation of Shi’a also has added to the problem)

  11. Umayyad • Move to Damascus after Uthman’s death • Bureaucracy-made up of Arab warrior elite/aristocrats • Only Arab males were 1st class citizens • Uneven sharing of wealth • No tax (but Zakat) • Converts –mawali-still had to pay taxes and head tax for non believers • Dhimmi- Xians and Jews (also will include Zorastrians and Hindus)

  12. Umayyad decline • Luxury lifestyle turns people against them • Warriors settled in the East (Iran) and intermarry and identify with locals, despise Damascus • Abbasid (descent from Muhammad’s uncle, al-Abbas) • Make alliances with mawali, Shi’a, and other dissidents • Caliphate of Cordoba

  13. The Abbasid • Brutally put down the Umayyad • Go after Shi’a and other former allies • Absolutist imperial order- bureaucracy • Baghdad • Persian Influence • Jewel thrones, large harems, palaces, etc. • Wazir • Farther from the capital, less enforcement of laws

  14. Abbasid con’t • Conversion and acceptance of Arabs and non-Arabs into Umma • Conversion-no head tax and… • Advancing in schooling and launch careers in trading, administration and judges • Persians-administrators, eventually run empire

  15. Abbasid Economy • Revived commercial system • Han and Roman collapse saw a decline revived by Arab traders and the Tang and Song (china) • dhows • Lots of $$$- reinvesting in land, commercial farms, construction • Charities too-schools, mosques, rest houses, baths, and superior medical care (in comparison to the rest of the world) • Artisans • Ayan

  16. Intellectual development • Alexandria • Great Mosques • Saved Greek learning (Jews also involved) in algebra, geometry, medicine, astronomy, anatomy, and ethics • Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Ptolemy, and Euclid

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