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The Chemistry of Organic Molecules. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE. 1. WHAT ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES? 2. WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES: A. Carbohydrates (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES)
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The Chemistry of Organic Molecules Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE • 1. WHAT ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES? • 2. WHAT ARE THE STRUCTURES AND FUNCTIONS OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MACROMOLECULES: A. Carbohydrates (MONOSACCHARIDES, DISACCHARIDES, POLYSACCHARIDES) B. Lipids (FATS, OILS,WAXES, STEROIDS, PHOSPHOLIPIDS) C. Proteins D. Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA, ATP) Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
EXTRA CREDIT ACTIVITY • Make a chart for the macromolecules with the following headings: • Name of organic molecule, Structural units, Elements, Examples, Sources, and Function • Fill in the chart using your notes and the book • DUE THE DAY OF YOUR EXAM I • (will not be accepted late) Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Organic Molecules THE MOST COMMON ELEMENTS OF LIFE ARE CHNOPS THE TOP 4 ARE CHNO, 95% OF THE BODY WEIGHT ORGANIC MOLECULES MUST HAVE C & H TOGETHER! INORGANIC MOLECULESDO NOT HAVE C &H TOGETHER BUT MAY STILL BE IMPORTANT TO LIFE SUCH AS NaCl Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Carbon Atom • Carbon atoms contain a total of 6 electrons, with only four in the outer shell. • Very diverse as it can bond with up to four different elements. • Often shares with other carbon atoms, producing long carbon chains OR rings • Hydrocarbons are chains of carbon bonded only to hydrogen atoms. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Functional Groups and Isomers • Functional groups are specific combinations of bonded atoms that always react in the same manner, regardless of the particular carbon skeleton. • Determine polarity of organic molecule. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
FUNCTIONAL GROUPS • THOSE THAT ARE POLAR (+/-) MAKE THESE LARGE MOLECULES HYDROPHILIC (ATTRACTED TO WATER) • THOSE THAT ARE NONPOLAR (NEUTRAL) ARE HYDROPHOBIC • HYDROCARBONS IN GENERAL ARE HYDROPHOBIC UNLESS THEY HAVE POLAR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Isomers • Isomers are organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but a different arrangement of atoms. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
MACROMOLECULES ARE MADE OF MONOMERS • THEREFORE MACROMOLECULES ARE POLYMERS. SOME CONTAIN MILLIONS OF MONOMERS • MONOMER+MONOMER H 2O + POLYMER • CONDENSATION OR DEHYDRATION • POLYMER + H 2O MONOMERS • HYDROLYSIS OR HYDRATION Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are referred to as macromolecules because of their large size. • Polymers are made up of monomers. • Dehydration - Removal of water molecule. • Hydrolysis - Addition of water molecule. • Enzymes speed up reactions. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Carbohydrates • Used as immediate energy sources. • Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule. • Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose • Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction. • Sucrose • Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides. • Starch, cellulose, chitin Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
MONOSACCHARIDE GLUCOSE Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Fig. 3.6 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Carbohydrates • Used as immediate energy sources. • Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule. • Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose • Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction. • Sucrose, Lactose,maltose • Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides. • Starch, cellulose, chitin Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
DISACCHARIDE Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Carbohydrates • Used as immediate energy sources. • Monosaccharides - Single sugar molecule. • Glucose, ribose, deoxyribose,fructose • Disaccharides - Contain two monosaccharides joined during dehydration reaction. • Sucrose, Lactose,maltose • Polysaccharides - Polymers of monosaccharides. • Starch, cellulose, chitin,glycogen Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Fig. 3.9a Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Lipids • Insoluble in water due to hydrocarbon chains. • Fats • Glycerol - Contains three OH- groups. • Triglycerides - Three fatty acids attached to each glycerol molecule. • Fatty acid consists of long hydrocarbon chain. • Saturated - No double bonds. • Unsaturated - Double bonds. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Fat and Fatty Acids Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Lipids • Waxes • Long-chain fatty acid bonds with a long-chain alcohol. • High melting point • Waterproof • Resistant to degradation Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Fig. 3.14b Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Lipids • Phospholipids • Instead of third fatty acid attached to glycerol as in fat, there is a polar phosphate group. • Hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. • Arrange themselves so polar heads are adjacent to water. • Bulk of cell plasma membrane consists of phospholipid bilayer. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Phospholipids Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Lipids • Steroid • Have skeletons of four fused carbon rings. • Cholesterol, testosterone, estrogen Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Table 3.3 Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Proteins • Functions • Support • Enzymes • Transport • Defense • Hormones • Motion Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Proteins • Amino acids are subunits of proteins. • Bond to a hydrogen atom, an amino group -NH2, an acidic group -COOH, and an R(remainder) group. • Peptide Bond - Covalent bond between two amino acids. • Peptide - Two or more amino acids bonded together. • Polypeptide - Chain of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Proteins • Protein Structure • Primary - Sequence of amino acids. . Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Proteins • Protein Structure • Secondary - Polypeptide coils or folds in a particular fashion. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Proteins • Protein Structure • Tertiary - Folding and twisting that results in final three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide. • Quaternary - Consists of more than one polypeptide. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Protein Folding Diseases • As proteins are being synthesized, chaperones bind and prevent incorrect interactions. • Mad cow disease is an example of a category of fatal brain diseases TSEs, that could be due to misfolded proteins. Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Nucleic Acids • Polymers of nucleotides with very specific cell functions. • DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • Double stranded • RNA (ribonucleic acid) • Single stranded • Every nucleotide is made up of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base. • Complementary base pairing Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
DNA Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
RNA Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
Nucleic Acids • ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine and ribose. • In cells, the terminal phosphate bond is hydrolyzed to give the molecule ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a phosphate molecule. • Releases energy Mader: Biology 8th Ed.
