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The descended larynx is not uniquely human Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (2001) 268 , 1669-1675

THE IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE. The descended larynx is not uniquely human Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (2001) 268 , 1669-1675 W. Tecumseh Fitch and David Reby. Red deer stag.

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The descended larynx is not uniquely human Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (2001) 268 , 1669-1675

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  1. THE IMPORTANCE OF LANGUAGE The descended larynx is not uniquely human Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B (2001) 268, 1669-1675 W. Tecumseh Fitch and David Reby Red deer stag

  2. phonologyThe study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation. Orthography ortho- ("correct") graphos ("that writes") The art or study of correct spelling according to established usage. The aspect of language study concerned with letters and their sequences in words. A method of representing a language or the sounds of language by written symbols; spelling. Yourdictionary.com

  3. lexical Of or relating to the vocabulary, words, or morphemes of a language. semanticOf or relating to meaning, especially meaning in language. Yourdictionary.com

  4. Multiple Route Model of Language Auditory Analysis Visual Analysis USED BY ECHOLALICS USED BY SURFACE DYSLEXICS Auditory Word Representation Visual Word Representation (Lexical) USED BY DEEP DYSLEXICS USED BY CONDUCTION APHASICS Auditory-PhonologicalConversion Semantic Representation Orthographic-Phoneme Conversion Articulation Processes are interactive in normal language (adapted from Prof. Ivry’s lecture slides )

  5. NEUROLINGUISTIC PATHS: Listening INPUT: sounds  R. EAR --> L. AUD. CORTEX --> Broca's & Wernicke's L. EAR --> R. AUD. CORTEX --> CC --> LH --> B's & W's Speaking START: pre-linguistic/manipulation of thoughts --> linguistic stage  --> Wernicke's area --> Broca's area --> Motor Cortex --> Speech Organs --> sounds  FEEDBACK:  • R. EAR --> L. AUDITORY CORTEX --> Broca's & Wernicke's • L. EAR --> R. AUDITORY CORTEX --> CC --> LH-->  B's & W's

  6. Writing: START: pre-linguistic/manipulation of thoughts --> linguistic stage  --> Wernicke's area --> Broca's area --> Motor Cortex --> Hand --> writing  FEEDBACK: • RVF --> L VISUAL CORTEX --> Broca's & Wernicke's Areas. • LVF --> R VISUAL CORTEX --> CC --> LH --> Broca's & Wernicke's Areas.   _____________________________________________________________________ Silent Reading: INPUT: written language  • RVF --> L VISUAL CORTEX --> Broca's & Wernicke's Areas & Angular Gyrus  • LVF --> R VISUAL CORTEX --> CC --> LH --> B's & W’s & Angular Gyrus.   _____________________________________________________________________ Reading Aloud: INPUT: written language  --> RVF --> L VISUAL CORTEX --> Broca's & Wernicke's Areas & Angular Gyrus  --> LVF --> R VISUAL CORTEX --> CC --> LH --> B's & W's & Angular Gyrus.  --> Wernicke's area --> Broca's area --> Motor Cortex --> Speech Organs --> sounds  FEEDBACK:  --> R EAR --> L AUDITORY CORTEX --> Broca's & Wernicke's Areas.  --> L EAR --> R AUDITORY CORTEX --> CC --> LH -->  Broca's & Wernicke's    

  7. Alexia without agraphia: a classical disconnection syndrome A.K.A. pure agnosic alexia A.K.A. pure word blindness -disruption of the splenium -right homonymous hemianopsia (lesion involving left occipital lobe) characterized by a deficit in word reading, with a relative preservation of letter reading. The patient is usually able to write spontaneously, but not read what has been written. Patients can often identify words spelled aurally. Number reading may be preserved.

  8. disconnection between the left and right calcarine cortex and the left angular gyrus (Br. 39) 2. Visual cortex 3. Wernicke's area 7. Angular Gyrus (reading)

  9. O.B.E.s consciousness seems detached takes remote viewing position repeated induction of OBE with focal electrical stimulation of right angular gyrus in epileptic also elicited illusory transformations of the patient's arm and legs (complex somatosensory responses) and whole-body displacements (vestibular responses) OBEs may reflect failure by brain to integrate complex somatosensory and vestibular information Blanke, O., Ortigue, S., Landis, T., Seeck, M. Stimulating own-body perceptions. Nature, 419, 269 - 270, (2002).

  10. Some pointers on research reviews 4 pleasing an english professor… A lot of hooey was indicated as the main cause of rancor (Gilbert, 2001). SHC has been cited as a danger to anyone in the proximity. et al.

  11. This data proves that too many marshmallows can lead to… • You have to buy all of Barbie’s friends. This supports the hypothesis that Barbie is not actually that popular. Disproves  Rejects the hypothesis that

  12. Based on the author’s results, he concluded “the trends seem to follow from the assumption based upon the model that earlier scientists proposed in line with previous generalizations…” The author’s results demonstrated no drastic deviations from the established paradigm. PARAPHRASE!!! “stuff”, “hella”, etc.

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