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Dietary Standards

Dietary Standards. 9/9 NS332. The Need for Food Regulation.

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Dietary Standards

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  1. Dietary Standards 9/9 NS332

  2. The Need for Food Regulation “The meat would be shoveled into carts, and the man who did the shoveling would not trouble to lift out a rat even when he saw one—there were things that went into the sausage in comparison with which a poisoned rat was a tidbit. There was no place for the men to wash their hands before they ate their dinner, and so they made a practice of washing them in the water that was to be ladled into the sausage”.- The Jungle- Upton Sinclair (1906) -Led to the passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 by the Bureau of Chemistry (later became the FDA)

  3. Nutrient Regulation • Food and Nutrition Board (FNB) • Formed in 1941 after malnourished men rejected from service • A unit of the Institute of Medicine, part of the National Academy of Sciences • Food and Drug Administration (FDA) • Part of the Department of Health and Human Services • United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)

  4. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) Established by the FNB in 1943 • Tool to evaluate/plan diet for HEALTHY people • Reference an AVERAGE intake over several days • 3. Specify life stage: • -age group, by gender after 9 years, pregnancy & lactation • 4. Five sets of standards cover almost 40 nutrients

  5. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) Daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the people in a certain life stage 1. 17 nutrients 2. Must be an accurate method for measuring whether intake is adequate- ‘functional marker” Vitamin C 10 mg/day to prevent scurvy 50mg/day to maintain enzyme activity 60-75 mg/day to saturate white blood cells 3. Adjusted to account for the amount of the nutrient that passes through the GI tract unabsorbed

  6. Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)

  7. Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) Daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97.5%) in a life stage 1. BASED on the EAR (RDA = EAR x 1.2) 2. Only nutrients with and EAR have an RDA

  8. Adequate Intake (AI) Daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish an EAR • Fiber • Essential fatty acids • 9 vitamins and minerals, including calcium and vitamin D

  9. Upper Limit (UL) Maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse health effects in almost all individuals • UL for vitamin C is 2000mg/day- intakes above this can cause diarrhea and inflammation of the stomach lining • Margin of safety above the UL • Not all nutrients have an established upper limit

  10. Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) • The average daily energy (kcal) need for each life-stage group • To promote healthy weight, a more conservative standard is set

  11. Adequate Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR) • Protein, fat, carbs, and essential fatty acids • Range of intake as a percent of energy, associated with reduced risk of chronic disease • Adults: • Fat, 20-35% • Carbohydrate, 45-65% • Protein, 10-35%

  12. RDA EAR Number of people A C B Daily requirement for nutrient X (units/day)

  13. Nutrient vs Energy Recommendations EER RDA EAR Number of people Number of people Daily Requirement (Kcal/day) Energy (EER) Daily Requirement (units/day) Nutrient (RDA and EAR)

  14. DRIs in Perspective Safety RDA Danger Naive

  15. DRIs in Perspective Danger of toxicity Marginal UL Safety Safety RDA EAR RDA Marginal Danger Danger deficiency Naive More closely aligned with reality

  16. DRI Subpopulations • Infants, 0-6 mo, 7-12 mo • Children 1-3 y, 4-8 y • By Gender and age: 9-13, 14-18, 19-30, 31-50,51-70, >70 • Pregnancy: <18, 19-30, 31-50 • Lactation: <18, 19-30, 31-50

  17. Dietary Standards for Food Labels Established by the FDA Daily Values Infants Toddlers Pregnant or lactating People over 4 years of age

  18. Daily Values Reference daily intakes (RDI) • -Vitamins and minerals • -Based on established nutrient standards • -Values for people over 4 years old tend to be set at the highest value for any life-stage group • Daily reference values (DRV) • -For nutrients that do not have RDAs • -Energy producing nutrients based on a daily kcal intake (2000 kcal is the reference) • -Fat=30%, sat fat= 10%, CHO=60%, protein=10% • -Sodium, potassium, cholesterol DRVs do not vary with kcal intakes

  19. FDA sets serving size so they are consistent among similar foods 30% of 2000 kcal = 600kcal from fat 600kcal/9kcal per g= 66.7g= DV for fat 11g/65g=16.9% DV No daily value for sugar- recommendation is to limit intake %Daily value is not listed for protein because it requires expensive testing to determine protein quality, and it is not a health concern in the US Ingredients are listed in descending order by weight Almond raisin granola INGREDIENTS: Oats, Raisins, Maple Syrup, Almonds, Brown Sugar, Coconut, High-oleic Sunflower Oil, Sesame Seeds, Water, Salt.

  20. Claims on Food Labels • Nutrient claims • Low, reduced, light, good source, etc • Health claims • “a diet with enough calcium may reduce risk of osteoporosis” • 3 criteria • Preliminary health claims • Based on incomplete evidence but must include disclaimer • Structure/function claims • FDA does not authorize these but claims must be accurate and must not be misleading

  21. Dietary Guidelines for Americans • Initialized in 1980 in response to chronic diseases • Foundation for the US government’s nutrition policy • Current: 41 recommendations, 18 are for special population groups, 23 for people 2 years and older Established by the USDA and DHHS

  22. The Pyramid: a Tool for Eating Guidelines and Assessment -Activity -Variety -Improvement -Personal -Moderation Recommends number of servings/day for energy intake to meet nutrient needs

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