PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING AND TECHNICAL WORKSHOP

1. PROJECT STEERING COMMITTEE MEETING AND TECHNICAL WORKSHOP SENEGAL NATIONAL REPORT FAO HEADQUARTER Rome, 28 November – 1 December 2006 By Déthié Soumaré NDIAYE, Ousmane DIALLO and Assize TOURE Centre de Suivi Ecologique (CSE)

2. Plan COUNTRY PRESENTATION Geography Demography and socio-economy LAND DEGRADATION: NATIONAL CONTEXT Context Sights Hardest hits RESPONSES Milestones Land Degradation Assessment in Drylands: Pilot Phase Objectives Methodology Study areas Results Conclusion and recommandations

3. COUNTRY PRESENTATION

4. Located in the Atlantic Sahelian region of Sub Saharan Africa, between the Sahel and the tropical forest Location • Total area: 196,722 km2 • 192,000 km² is land • 4,722 km² is water

5. Landscape and hydrography Falaise of Thies Cap Vert Volcanic peninsula Fouta Djalon massif • Landscape mainly flat (200 m of altitude on average)

6. Climatic zones

7. Ecogeographical zones

8. Population density Demography and Socio-economy… • 3 millions habitants in 1960, • 10 millions habitants in 2001 • Senegal presently has a high population growth rate (approximately 2.7% per year)

9. Demography and Socio-economy… • Low economic growth rate • Poverty is deeply implemented in Senegal: over 1 third of the population live below national poverty line Undernourishment

10. Most of Senegal's crop production is in drylands, under rainfed system Demography and Socio-economy … Food production doesn’t meet population needs: food imports continue to grow due to small local production, which only meets about half (52 per cent) of the country’s food requirements Coupled with the drought over the last 30 years and the vulnerability of ecosystems, this situation has contributed to accelerate land degradation

11. LAND DEGRADATION: NATIONAL CONTEXT

12. Decades of diminishing rainfall and growing population has put increasing pressure on the country’s natural resources(fallow disappearance, lack of fertilizers,deforestation for new cropland, bush fires, continous grazing systems, excessive wood uses), affecting crop and livestock production and making soil less fertile Context 1.9 millions ha cultivated 19.7 millions ha of land 3.8 millions ha of arable land The loss of soil productivity emerges as the most symptomatic consequence of soil degradation

13. Causes HISTORICAL RAINFALL Average annual accumulations over the indicated time intervals 1941-1950 1951-1960 1961-1970 1971-1980 1981-1990 1991-2000 1200 mm 1100 mm 1000 mm 900 mm 800 mm 700 mm 600 mm 500 mm 400 mm 300 mm 200 mm 100 mm Like all Sahel countries, Senegal has suffered from decreasing and irregular rainfall for several decades which has reduced its water reserves.

14. Over 60% of the population live in rural areas and depend on natural resources (livestock, rain-fed agriculture, forestry) and mainly on soil resources 47% of soils are unfit or barely suitable for farming 36% of soils have poor to average capacity and as well as deterrent factors that limit productivity Investment in the agriculture sector is still concentrated in the areas where irrigated crops predominate, whereas poverty is more marked in the zones where rainfed agriculture is practiced Causes

15. Very low Low Moderate High Very high Water Very low Low Moderate High Very high Water Sights Water erosion Soil map Wind erosion Water erosion affects 77% of the degraded soils Chemical degradation • Salting affects about 9% of degraded lands • Acidification affects 50% of farmland Wind erosion affects 3% of the degraded soils

16. Sights

17. Hardest hit are the northern sylvo-pastoral areas which suffer from overgrazing, and the central groundnut zone, where poor farming methods (disappearance of fallow land, lack of fertilisers) led to an important loss of fertility. Hardest hit

18. Aridity • Arditity : • Arid in the North; • Semi-Arid in the Centre; the largest area • Subhumid in the South; Sources: World Meteorology Organization (WMO), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Climate Change 2001: Impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of the Working Group II to the third assessment report of the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).

19. REPONSES

20. MILESTONES Reorganization of the institutional disposal and update of the legal framework: in particular the LAND LAW of 1964 and the new DECENTRALIZATION LAW of 1996 • 1964: Land was nationalized as public estates • 1992: Ministery of the Nature Protection establishment • 1984: Ecological Monitoring of Pastoral Ecosystems project • 1993: High council of Natural resources and Environment (CONSERE) • 1995: National Action Plan for the environment • 1996: Competences transfer (populations are more involved in Land use planning) Strengthened by the signature and ratification of several international agreements

21. Signature and ratification of the UNCCD, UN Convention on Climate Change, UN Convention on BioDiversity (among others) Elaboration of the National Action Plan (implementation tool) Articulated to the Environment NAP (the global strategic framework for considering environment in social and economic development process) and the other strategies and plans such as the PRSP

22. LAND DEGRADATION ASSESSMENT IN DRYLANDS(PILOT PROJECT)

23. OBJECTIVES • Development of a land degradation monitoring tool in semi-arid zones in order to better understand the degradation process at different scale (global, national et local): • assess the state of lands and their evolution • have a better understanding of the degradation process using DPSIR approach • elaborate products to help decisions making • establish a system to monitor lands on a permenant way

24. METHODOLOGIE • Integrated approachDSPIR (Driving Forces – State – Pressure – Impacts – Response). • Basic steps : • Participative identification of land degradation problems and users needs, • Establishment of LADA national networks and Task Force, • Stocktaking exercise/preliminary analysis • Stratification and Sampling strategy Development • Fields survey and Local Assessment • Information integration, dissemination and use: development of Land Policy Decision Support tools • Development of a LADA monitoring strategies and tools. • Three pilot-countries (China, Argentina, Senegal)

25. METHODOLOGIE • Methodology of implementation through two (2) study areas in Senegal : - Establishment of a National Land Degradation Network and a National Task Forces. - Identification of informations needs of users. - Use of Remote sensing tools for Land degradation identification and detection ( location, nature and intensity). - Land degradation impacts assessment on goods and services - Development of the TOR for a Land degradation GIS

26. Agropastoral zone of Kaffrine Sylvo-agricultural zone of Kaolack STUDY AREAS

27. RESULTS • Establishment of National Land Degradation Network and an multidisciplinary Tasks Force with partners such as ISRA, ISE, ISMRR. • Selection of State, Pression, Impact and Driving forces Indicators. • Land cover changes assessment between 1988 and 1999 and Hot Spots, Bright Spot identification. • Local assessment survey • Land Degradation impacts on goods and services • Remedial solutions identification

28. STATE INDICATORS

29. PRESSURE INDICATORS

30. IMPACTS INDICATORS

31. RESPONSE INDICATORS

32. DRIVING FORCES INDICATORS

33. LAND STATE IDENTIFICATION Trends assessment between 1988-1999 with NDVI (NOAA) time series LAND COVERS CHANGES (Kaolack 1988-1999) LAND COVERS CHANGES (Terroir de Keur Wali Ndiaye)

34. LAND STATE IDENTIFICATION LAND STATE IDENTIFICATION Changes matrix between 1988 and 1999

35. LAND STATE IDENTIFICATION STRICKING CHANGES IN KAOLACK HOT SPOTS: High degradation - Woody Savanna changedto Tanns (salinized bare soil): 1157 ha - Cropland changedto Tanns(salinized bare soils ): 1664 ha - Natural Vegetation converted into Cropland: 84512 ha BRIGHT SPOTS: Environmental improvement - Cropland converted to Shrubland: 1265 ha - Shrubland / tree savanna changed to woodySavanna : 539 ha - Cropland converted into orchard: 141 ha

36. Socio-Economical data collection and analysis • Different scales : • Policies and strategies focus at national level (data on population, economy, environment, etc.) • Productive activities and actions for land degradation prevention or rehabilitation are mainly undertaken at intermediated and local levels • Population : rural density… …evolution 1988-1998

37. Identification of structures and networking • Categories of actors • Technicians of various sectors are dealing with land degradation • Producers/users whose life or activities are related to land • Decisions makers • Parteners contributions • hard core: CSE-ISRA-UCAD… • Contact, census on existing information and needs • Workshop: informations, results, national committee

38. SECTOR IMPACTS Agriculture Negative trend of productions, with inappropriated practices, Decrease of income Animal productions Lack of food Low productivity (milk, meat) High mortality mostly cattle Water resources Shrinkage of surface water. Sandbanking of river beds. Water table lowering Sea water invading. Forests High rate of dead trees. Natual vegetation recession. Soils The droughts increase acidification and salinisation of lands : - 1 600 000 ha affected by acidification ; - 1 000 000 ha affected by salinisation. Water and wind erosion stimulated by Lack of vegetation cover. Mouvement de populations Increase of population migration (mostly yputh). Goods and Services affected by Land Degradation

39. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMANDATION • Current problems of information management; • NDVI more appropriated than SMI for Land degradation assessment; • Identification of land degradation form at local scale requires higherer resolution than Landsat or Spot; • Driving forces of land degradation are population increase, low prices of crops and bad land tenure. • Good monitoring require systematization of sites sampling; • Capacities building need for retrieval and analysis of integrated bio-physical and socio-economical data; • Land degradation in the study areas should be solved by: • - agricultural intensification (good seeds, fertilizers and functionnal equipment), • - strengthening of energy substitution policy, • - introduction of hay making and range management practices.

40. Thank you