1 / 56

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks: Workshop Overview

Explore the classification, identification, and formation of rocks at the 2002 Minerals Education Workshop. Learn about igneous rocks' crystallization, sedimentary rocks' layering, and metamorphic rocks' transformation processes.

alika-hays
Télécharger la présentation

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rocks: Workshop Overview

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. 2002 Minerals Education WorkshopSponsored by:Indiana Department of Natural Resources – Division of ReclamationNovember 1-2, 2002

  2. Rocks www.caingram.com

  3. Rocks A rock is an aggregate of one or more minerals. http://people.uncw.edu

  4. Rocks Divided into 3 main groups based on origin: Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic www.travelwest.net

  5. Form as a result of cooling & crystallization of magma & lava Indiana Geological Survey “Fire” Igneous Rocks –

  6. Igneous Rocks www.eos.duke.edu • Parent rocks for all other rocks • 65% of the Earth’s crust • Two major classifications: extrusive and intrusive

  7. Volcanic (extrusive) rocks: www.mineralminers.com www.mineralminers.com www.geo.aau.dk Igneous Rocks Classified as either: Crystallize quickly in volcanic eruptions  very small or no crystals

  8. Granite www.geocities.com www.uct.ac.za Igneous Rocks • Plutonic (intrusive) rocks: Crystallize slowly within the earth that allows crystals to grow

  9. http://kafossils.tripod.com

  10. e x t r u s i v e Granite Diorite Kimberlite Gabbro http://volcanoes.usgs.gov Basalt Rhyolite i n t r u s i v e Pumice Obsidian http://cwx.prenhall.com http://cwx.prenhall.com Common Igneous Rocks

  11. Identifying Igneous Rocks • Identification is based on texture (overall appearance of the rock – size, shape & arrangement of mineral grains) and mineralogical composition • Interlocking mineral crystals

  12. ROCK TEXTURE IGNEOUS Crystalline (interlocking) www.env.duke.edu Modified from Indiana Geological Survey

  13. Phaneritic texture: coarse-grained; mineral grains are macroscopic www.uct.ac.za Identifying Igneous Rocks • Texture indicates the rate of cooling

  14. Identifying Igneous Rocks • Aphanitic texture: fine-grained; mineral grains are microscopic http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

  15. Identifying Igneous Rocks • Glassy texture www.mineralminers.com www.mineralminers.com

  16. Identifying Igneous Rocks • Porphyritic texture: contains at least (2) different grain sizes www.uct.ca.za

  17. Identifying Igneous Rocks • Vesicular texture: numerous cavities http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

  18. Identifying Igneous Rocks • Pyroclastic http://volcanoes.usgs.gov

  19. Identifying Igneous Rocks • Identification is based on texture (overall appearance of the rock – size, shape & arrangement of mineral grains) and mineralogical composition

  20. Sedimentary Rocks www.geo.cornell.edu

  21. Sedimentary Rocks • Form from weathered igneous, sedimentary and/or metamorphic rocks • Weathered fragments • transported by water, • air or ice • Can also form from • chemical processes http://earthsci.org

  22. Sedimentary Rocks Indiana Geological Survey

  23. Sedimentary Rocks Indiana Geological Survey

  24. Indiana Geological Survey

  25. Sedimentary Rocks • Generally layered • or bedded www.geo.cornell.edu

  26. Evaporite deposits (white deposits) Indiana Geological Survey

  27. to coarse grained www.nps.gov www.wps.prenhall.com Sedimentary Rocks • Textures range from • very fine grained

  28. www.uky.edu www.kyu.edu www.uky.edu Sedimentary Rocks • May contain • fossils

  29. www.geo.cornell.edu

  30. www.palaeos.com www.uky.edu www.geocities.com/atrypa www.uky.edu www.geocities.com www.uky.edu

  31. Detrital sedimentary rocks: composed of fragmented pre-existing rocks deposited by water, wind or ice and cemented together by minerals precipitated within the void spaces Identifying Sedimentary Rocks • Identification is based on particle size, particle shape, mineral composition and texture e.g. conglomerate/breccia, sandstone, siltstone, shale, mudstone

  32. Generally composed of a combination of quartz, feldspar, rock fragments & clay minerals Identifying Sedimentary Rocks • Identification is based on particle size, particle shape, mineral composition and texture • Detrital sedimentary rocks

  33. Fizz Identifying Sedimentary Rocks • Identification is based on particle size, particle shape, mineral composition and texture • Detrital sedimentary rocks • Chemical sedimentary rocks Identified mostly by mineral composition (e.g. limestone, CaCO3)

  34. Clastic: sedimentary rocks made up of broken particles (all detrital rocks & some chemical sedimentary rocks) www.geo.cornell.edu Identifying Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic and nonclastic texture:

  35. Nonclastic: remaining chemical sedimentary rocks http://earthsci.org www.nps.gov Identifying Sedimentary Rocks • Clastic and nonclastic texture:

  36. ROCK TEXTURE SEDIMENTARY www.eos.duke.edu Fragmental (clastic) Modified from Indiana Geological Survey

  37. Common Sedimentary Rocks • Shale • Limestone wps.prenhall.com • Sandstone www.rockware.com • Conglomerate • Dolomite (Dolostone) • Siltstone • Breccia

  38. Metamorphic Rocks

  39. Metamorphic Rocks (Meta = change morph = form) • Pre-existing rocks are converted to metamorphic rocks by increased temperature, pressure and/or chemical fluids

  40. Rock Cycle Metamorphic Rocks • Derived from pre-existing igneous and sedimentary rocks (e.g. limestone  marble)

  41. http://earthsci.org

  42. http://earthsci.org

  43. Metamorphic Rocks Faulting Folding www.dc.peachnet.edu (Charlie Watson) www.personal.rdg.ac.uk

  44. Foliated (layered) parallel layers of minerals www.geolsoc.org.uk Non-foliated: no preferred orientation of minerals www.eos.duke.edu Metamorphic Rocks • Fine-grained to coarse-grained • Generally classified according to texture

  45. ROCK TEXTURES METAMORPHIC SEDIMENTARY IGNEOUS www.eos.duke.edu Foliated (banded) Crystalline (interlocking) Fragmental (clastic) Indiana Geological Survey

  46. http://geology.csupomona.edu Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated (layers) metamorphic rock textures: • Rock cleavage: mica crystals become aligned resulting in flat surfaces that are parallel (rock tends to split into flat slabs Increasing Temperature & Pressure

  47. http://geology.csupomona.edu Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated (layers) metamorphic rock textures: • Rock cleavage: mica crystals become aligned resulting in flat surfaces that are parallel (rock tends to split into flat slabs • Schistosity: mica crystals grow larger giving rock a “platy” or scaly look Increasing Temperature & Pressure

  48. Metamorphic Rocks • Foliated (layers) metamorphic rock textures: • Rock cleavage: mica crystals become aligned resulting in flat surfaces that are parallel (rock tends to split into flat slabs • Schistosity: mica crystals grow larger giving rock a “platy” or scaly look Increasing Temperature & Pressure • Banding: light & dark minerals separate giving rock a banded look

  49. Metamorphic Rocks http://geology.csupomona.edu www.geolsoc.org.uk

  50. Metamorphic Rocks • Nonfoliated metamorphic rock texture: http:geology.csupomona.edu

More Related