Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II

1. Chapter 18 AMERICANS IN WORLD WAR II Section 1: Early Difficulties Section 2: The Home Front Section 3: Victory in Europe Section 4: Victory in Asia

2. Section 1: Early Difficulties Objectives: • What were the strengths and weaknesses of the Allied Powers and Axis Powers in 1941? • What steps did the United States take to prepare for war? • Where did the Japanese military attack after Pearl Harbor? • What were the early turning points of the war in the Pacific? • What were the major battles in Europe and North Africa in 1942?

3. Section 1: Early Difficulties Allied Powers • Production capacity of U.S. and manpower of Soviet Union were advantages. • Disadvantages included the enormous amount of land in enemy hands, the multi-front aspect of the war, and the long fight that had to be faced.

4. Section 1: Early Difficulties Axis Powers • Axis was better prepared economically and had been rearmed since the 1930s. • Axis had firm control over invaded areas and already had airfields, barracks, and military training centers. • Axis powers’ main difficulty was defending multiple fronts.

5. Section 1: Early Difficulties U.S. preparations for war • increased production • expanded the government • began to direct the economy • began to raise the army

6. Increased Production • Arsenal – is a factory that makes ammunitions for the military. • U.S. arsenal employment went from 22,000 to 486,000 in three years!

7. Increased Production • From 1940 to 1945 American manufacturing made large quantities of jeeps tanks plains, and guns.

8. Increased Production • 88,000 landing craft, 215 submarines, 147 aircraft carriers, 952 other warships, and 5,200 merchant ships.

9. Government expansion • War Production Board WPB • Conversion of factories to make war goods • Started in January 1942 by Roosevelt • Office of War Mobilization OWM • May of 1943 • Controlled by James F. Byrnes

10. Directing the Economy • Office of Price Administration OPA • Kept inflation low • Rationing of key materials • Selling war bonds

11. Raising and Army • Selective Training • Was a necessary law required to allow the government to train troops in peace time. • Selective Service • AKA the draft • 21 – 35 had to register • Then later 18 – 45

12. Raising and Army • Women's Auxiliary Army Corps WAAC

13. Raising and Army • Women's air force Service WASP

14. Section 1: Early Difficulties Japanese attacks after Pearl Harbor • Clark Airforce Base in the Philippines • Burma • Borneo • the Netherlands East Indies • Wake Island • Hong Kong

15. Douglas MacArthur • In control of the force in the Philippines. • Graduate from West Point • As the war ramped up MacArthur was placed in charge of the entire war in the Pacific.

16. Bataan Death March • Douglas MacArthur was ordered to remove himself from the Phillipines. • As he left he declared that he would be back. • 10,000 POWs died. • There was a total of 70,000 POW’sa

17. Clarke air force Base • Attack on December 8, 1941. • First attack on the Philippines • For the next two week there was an on slot of Japanese attacks on islands in South East Asia

18. Section 1: Early Difficulties Early turning points of war in Pacific • Battle of the Coral Sea • Battle of Midway • Guadalcanal

19. Chester Nimitz • Leader of the U.S. Pacific Fleet • Aggressive leader.

20. Battle of the Coral Sea • May 7, 1942 • Allied Victory

21. Battle of the Midway • June 1942 • Two prong attack • One prong attacked Alaska • The main prong attacked a U.S. Military base in the Pacific

22. Battle of the Guadalcanal • August 1942 • First major offensive battle • Troops landed • Ferocious fighting

23. Section 1: Early Difficulties Major battles of 1942 in Europe and North Africa • Battle of El Alamein • Battle of Stalingrad

24. Battle for North Africa • Many battles were fought in North Africa • El Alamein Egypt was one of the most critical battles for both sides

25. Commander of German AfrikaKorps • Nicknamed Desert Fox Erwin Rommel

26. British Leader • Key leader for stopping the Desert Fox Bernard Montgomery

27. Critical battle in the Eastern European Front • Between this battle and the battle of El Alamein this help turn the tide in the war Stalingrad

28. Section 2: The Home Front Objectives: • How did the U.S. government try to keep wartime morale high? • What was life like in the United States during World War II? • How did women contribute to the war effort? • What actions did the government take to protect the rights of minority groups? • How were Japanese Americans affected by the war?

29. Section 2: The Home Front Keeping wartime morale high • Office of War Information • radio programs • movies

30. Section 2: The Home Front Life in the U.S. during WWII • long work hours and many sacrifices • restrictions • blackouts • air-raid drills • victory gardens

31. Section 2: The Home Front Contributions of women • entered job market to replace soldiers • worked in plants • produced war products

32. Section 2: The Home Front Government actions to protect minority rights • Fair Employment Practices Committee • attempts to end discrimination in businesses with federal contracts

33. Section 2: The Home Front Effects on Japanese Americans • Many were relocated and interned. • Interned people lost their property. • Hawaiian islands put under martial law because Japanese population was too large to relocate. • Some Japanese received limited military service opportunities.

34. Section 3: Victory in Europe Objectives: • Where did the Allied offensive in Europe begin? • How did fighting in the Atlantic and in the air influence the land war in Europe? • How did the Allies successfully carry out the Normandy invasion? • What was the Holocaust? • How did the Allies finally defeat Germany?

35. Section 3: Victory in Europe Allied offensive in Europe The Allied offensive in Europe began in Sicily and Italy.

36. Section 3: Victory in Europe Effects of fighting in the Atlantic and in the air on the land war • Sea dominance allowed the Allies to protect cargo ships and bomb Axis vessels. • Strategic bombing from the air helped destroy German military factories and centers.

37. Section 3: Victory in Europe The Normandy Invasion • invasion of German-occupied France • disinformation campaign to distract Germans • dummy invasion used as a decoy • initial storming of beach caused high casualties • ultimately successful

38. Section 3: Victory in Europe The Holocaust The Holocaust was Nazi Germany’s slaughter of European Jews. The Germans took advantage of long-standing anti-Semitism and Allied inaction to do it.

39. Section 3: Victory in Europe Final defeat of Germany • September, 1944: Battle of the Bulge • February, 1945: Yalta Conference • early 1945: Allies bomb Germany • March, 1945: Allies invade Germany • April, 1945: Hitler commits suicide • May, 1945: Germany surrenders

40. Section 4: Victory in Asia Objectives: • How did the United States carry out its island-hopping plan? • How did the battles at Iwo Jima and Okinawa affect the war? • What led the United States to use atomic weapons against Japan? • What were the human and economic costs of World War II?

41. Section 4: Victory in Asia Island-hopping • conquered strategically important islands • cut off other islands • some islands chosen as launching pads for invasion of Japan

42. Section 4: Victory in Asia Iwo Jima and Okinawa These two battles were incredibly difficult and bloody, and though the U.S. won, the fighting demonstrated that the Japanese would not surrender.

43. Section 4: Victory in Asia Reasons for use of the atomic bomb • enormous cost of an invasion • continued Japanese resistance • desire to demonstrate U.S. power to the Soviet Union

44. Section 4: Victory in Asia Costs of World War II • killed millions of people and wounded many more • resulted in the Holocaust • destroyed economies of many nations • ruined countless cities • destroyed national infrastructures