Chapter 24 A

1. Chapter 24 A Political Paralysis in the Gilded Age of Politics / Industry Comes of Age

2. ******_________________****** of 1862 • __________offers from the government of “______ acres of land in the West” to the head of the household Duration: _______________ Why just give land away?

3. ________ • _______________who moved from post-Reconstruction South to _________________! • REASON: _______________________(JIM CROW) take advantage of the ______________

4. ______________ LAND-GRANT ACTS(1862 and 1890) • Federal government gave land to states in order to set up “________________” “_________________ colleges / Farmer College” Effect: major boost to higher education for farmers

5. _____________ Defined: a political organization in which an authoritative _________________ commands the support of a corps of supporters and businesses (usually campaign workers), _________________________________. Example: _______________________________ _____________ (milked New York City for $200 million) *Other small businesses had to give “______________” to Boss Tweed to stay in business Culture: ____ / bribery / fraudulent election / ___________ Promoted by _____________ (WHY: Demoted by ______________________________________ __________________________________(1883) __________________of Politics (1873 into early 20th century) Coined by ___________________________

6. _________________ • Political Cartoonist for __________________ • 1871 • Offered $5 million to not publish his indicting cartoons • To escape arrest, ___________________ • Spanish authorities recognized him and was expedited back to US • ____________prosecuted Tweed and paved his way to his (somewhat) success in the 1876 Presidential election

7. The Iron Colt Becomes the Iron Horse • After the Civil War / Reconstruction age – railroads took over • 35,000 miles of track (1865)vs. 192,000 (1900) • Federal government supports the railroad “movement” • Railroad building was costly and risky Southern Pacific – El Paso to LA Atlantic Pacific –New Mexico to Oregon Central Pacific – San Fran to Promontory Point, Utah Union Pacific – Iowa / Missouri to Promontory Point, Utah Northern Pacific – Iowa / Minnesota to Oregon

8. Railroads Negative issues: (1) _____________ Company made a profit (shady bribes) President: Promoted this type of politics: _____________ Workers: _________________“paddies” Location: Great Plains Main enemy: _________________ (2) “________________ ”: talk up stocks (3) __________________: benefits the rich (4) “___________”: consolidation (5) _______________: benefits the rich (6) ______________: benefits the rich

9. Union and Central Pacific Railroad • VERY FIRST TRANSCONTINENTAL RAILROAD *_____________________ Ceremony: “Golden Spike” Individual Towns: usually supported the construction of railroads because of the booming economy that it came with

10. Cornelius ____________ • Made millions in the steam boating industry, but switched to railroads in his late 60s • How did he do it: Lowered prices for services – ___________________________________________ • _______________ Integration: • _______________Integration: • Results: • ________________ = lower shipping rates • Use of Steel, instead of iron = efficiency and strength *Note: (3) __________________ (4) Introduction of ___________________

11. George _________ • Railroad Mogul (railcars) • Provided a “_________________” - homes, schools, hospitals for his workers Problem: __________________________ Very controlling! • Pullman Strike (later) • raised the rent, but DID NOT give out raises! = leads to violent strike in 1894!

12. _______________ Process • Problem – Iron (which is turned into steel) has other elements (_____________) • In order to make a profit with efficient iron….get the carbon out!!! • Developed by Henry Bessemer • POINT: __________________________________________________ • Successful – 90% of the nation’s steel was produced this way! • First used __________________________________

13. Farmers Unite to Address Common Problems_________________________ Crop Prices = FALLING…so farmers mortgage off their farms so they can buy more land and produce more crops Most significant problem: _______________ were taking advantage of the farmers • EXAMPLES: R.R. charged too much on shipping & storage R.R. had “middle-men” (relationships with others besides farmers)

15. _____________________Patrons of _______________ • started the _______________= “Patrons of Husbandry” (also known as the “__________________”) • Grange: ___________________________ Purpose: fight against the railroads! • REFORM: • ______________________ • Hates the __________________(0ver in 1914) • Pushed for more _________________________ • ____________________________ • Cooperative _____________________________ • ________ Amendment • ________ Amendment • _________ • _________ • _________ • First meeting________inOmaha, Nebraska , known as the “__________________” BIRTH OF THE POPULIST PARTY • (________________________________)

16. _________________(1877) Supreme Court ruling that upheld the _____________! (farmers win!) Ruling: _______ Regulation of RR • Federal government gave more power to “___________________” to REGULATE a private industry (railroads) if it affects “_________________” • Farmers think they are gaining power against the Railroad industry!!!!! • (___________)

17. __________________(1886) • Ruling: “__________________” Munn V Illinois / *******Granger Laws are “____________________________”******** • Reason: Grangers “CAN’T” regulate _____________________________ throughout the states (federal government controls that!) • What court case???? • Limited the rights for states to control interstate commerce…leads to the creation of the ________________________________

18. ________________________ • Outlawed “______________________” • It also required rates to be “openly published” INTERSTATE COMMERCE ________________ Reestablished the “_____________________” controls interstate commerce & not the state MAIN PURPOSE: Federal government is losing _______________!! (Taxes) Established the Interstate Commerce Commission - ______________________________

19. Granger Laws through Sherman Anti - Trust Act _______________________________ More power to the “_________” and uphold Granger laws are ______________________ “interstate commerce” Interstate Commerce Commission – Enforce ________________of Interstate commerce Prohibited ____________________________

20. Politics in Populism“________________?????” • Late 1800s – mild “sectionalism” • Republicans (Northern Industrialists / Bankers) • Democrats / Populists (Southern Farmers) Main Focus: WHICH ___________ WILL BECOME THE _________________________________________????? • “_______” who favored “________” – either gold OR silver in exchange for paper $ (________) FARMERS Benefit: more money in circulation would help raise crop prices • “____________” who favored “__________” – JUST gold in exchange for paper $ (____________) BANKERS

21. ___ Presidential Election(First “Modern” Election) vs. • Republican – ________________(Winner) • (Gold bug/ gold standard) –includes bankers and businessmen • Democrat / Populist – _________________________ • (Silverite/ bimetallism) – includes farmers and laborers - Criticized for his radical beliefs MAIN ISSUE: WHICH METAL WILL BECOME THE BASIS OF THE NATION’S MONETARY SYSTEM?????

22. William Jennings Bryan’s________________________ 1896 Democratic / Populist Nomination speech Remember: _______SUPPORTS ________and the “farmer / common man” • “You shall not press down upon the brow of labor the crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold” • William Jennings Bryan (Cross of Gold Speech) • HATES the Gold Standard • SUPPORTS BIMETALLISM

23. What ENDS Populism ?? (1) _____________(Gold Triumphs OVER Silver) many of the Populist ideas…. and they later became law (Ex. 16th & 17th Amendment) *3rd Party candidates (Bryan / Perot / Nader) (2) ________________________