Civil Rights Movement

1. Civil Rights Movement 1st Period

2. Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954 • African-American children in Topeka, Kansas were denied access to all-white schools due to rules allowing for separate but equal facilities • Significance:  Overturned the separate but equal doctrine established in 1896 • Previously the 13th Amendment was interpreted so that equality could be met through segregated facilities • The 14th Amendment guarantees equal protection under the law • The Court ruled that separate facilities based on race were unequal.

3. Schools were closed until integrated Before the court’s decision, most public areas were segregated After the courts ruling the schools became integrated Local newspaper reports the courts decision Many white students were against integration

4. The Murder of Emmit Till 14 year old boy from Chicago visiting his relatives in Mississippi He went into a store and hit on the casher The woman, Carolyn Bryant, claims he grabbed her and told her husband the owner of the store Roy Bryant, the husband and his brother-in –law J.W. Milam took Emmit and Three days later returned his body

5. The body was unrecognizable • One eye was gouged put and in his gashed in head they found a bullet • His uncle only knew it was Emmit from the ring he was wearing • His mother wanted an open casket so all could see what they did to her son

6. Rosa Parks and Montgomery Bus Boycott Ms. Parks refused to give up her seat on a bus one afternoon for white bus rider. She was the first arrested for a “crime” like this. This started an uproar among the African American Community.

7. Rosa Parks On December 5, 1955 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. held a protest for African Americans to boycott the public transportation. This took one year, then was viewed by U.S Supreme Court to end boycott, which ruled bus segregation illegal. Dr. King on December 21, 1956, shared the front seat public bus with Rev. Glen Smiley a white minister.

8. Central Rock High School • After Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka the U.S. Supreme Court declared the segregation of schools unconstitutional in 1954. • Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas was the first all white school to be integrated. • Sept 4, 1957 – nine black students (Little Rock Nine) came to Central High. • The National Guard barred the entrance and a month later Eisenhower federal troops to escort The Little Rock Nine into school • The Little Rock Nine started their first full day of school Sept. 25

11. The beginnings of the sit-ins Protesting for civil rights through non violence Four students from NC A&T sat at the white only section of the lunch counter and were asked to leave. The next day more than 20 African Americans came to sit at the store and were refused service and then asked to leave.

12. After math of the first sit-in In the days to come the amount of people in the sit-ins would multiply with each day Sit-ins would soon appear in other cities and eventually spread to other states This led to Boycotts of businesses The movement eventually led to success, on July 25th 1960, with blacks and whites both being served equally at the same lunch counter

13. Pictures

14. Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) May 4, 1961 Boynton v. Virginia (1960) Washington to Mississippi Brutality and attacks Freedom Rides

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17. James Meredith • Born in Mississippi, on June 25th, 1933 • Fought against white supremacy • Writer and political advisor • First African American admitted to University of Mississippi • Received law degree from Colombia University • 1972, Meredith ran unsuccessfully as a Republican against Mississippi Senator James O. Eastland

18. James Meredith • March against fear • Memphis Tennessee, to Jackson Mississippi • Shot on trip

19. From Decatur, Mississippi • WWII Veteran • He was an African American civil rights activist • He was a part of the Regional Council of Negro Leadership (RCNL) • As a member of the RCNL he organized peaceful boycotts of service stations that were segregated • Became the NAACP’s first Field Secretary of Mississippi Medgar Evers

20. Evers applied to the University of Mississippi Law School, his application was rejected • He received many death threats • On June 12th, 1963 Evers was murdered at his home • Byron De La Beckwith was arrested for the murder of Evers • Medgar Evers was buried in Arlington National Cemetery • In his honor there in now a college named after him in Brooklyn, New York • A famous quote by Evers: “ We fought during the war for America, Mississippi included. Now after the Germans and Japanese hadn’t killed us it looked as though the white Mississippians would.”

21. March on Washington August 28th,1963 In order to get a civil rights bill passed, civil rights groups, labor unions and religious groups took place in a massive demonstration in DC. Over 200,000 people showed up and millions watched on television.

22. All day celebrities and entertainers performed and spoke. A Philip Randolph opened the speakers and MLK closed with his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. The event brought together the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) the NAACP and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). But there was tension because the SNCC had wanted to take a more violent protest. This was the largest political demonstrations in history (so far) Despite the numbers it stayed Peaceful.

23. Birmingham Bombing On September 15th, 1963, at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church, a bomb detonated. 4 girls died and many others were injured One of the most horrific race crimes to occur during this time 4 suspects; Robert Chambliss, Herman Cash, Thomas Blanton, and Booby Frank Cherry No one pursuits case until 1988 and later in 2000

24. Dynamite damage Cahaba Boys, KKK

26. LetterfromaBirminghamJailByEmilyMock The letter is also known as “The Negro Is Your Brother.” Written by Martin Luther King Jr. on April 16, 1963 after taking part in Birmingham Campaign, a planned violent protest. May 1962 Birmingham minister and SCLC member Fred Shuttlesworth had suggested that the SCLC ally with his own organization, the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights, to protest conditions in Birmingham. Birmingham was the wealthiest city in Alabama, and a bastion of segregation, it was a prime spot In March, King, along with Ralph Abernathy and a few other SCLC organizers, set up headquarters in a room at a motel in one of Birmingham's black neighborhoods. They began recruiting volunteers for protest rallies and giving workshops in nonviolent techniques. King had to persuade some of the volunteers from the Christian movement group because the protest was being held during Easter and they felt they should be preaching instead, luckily he did convince them and on Good Friday, April 12, they led the march. All were immediately arrested. Birmingham police placed King in solitary confinement and denied his rightful phone calls Coretta Scott King called the White House, disturbed by the unusual silence from her husband. She talked to Robert Kennedy, and he sent FBI Agents to receive better treatment, which more over encouraged the movement with help from the Kennedy administration.

27. The letter alludes to numerous secular thinkers, as well as to the Bible. It is passionate and controlled, and was mentioned by many writing textbooks as a model of persuasive writing. At the time however, it gave a singular, eloquent voice to a massive, jumbled movement. Unfortunately, Violence followed the concessions. Whites bombed black homes and churches, and blacks retaliated with mob violence. King's activities in Birmingham, therefore, included a final stage, during which he patrolled the city, speaking wherever people had gathered; he implored African Americans to answer violence only with peace. As local policies changed and constituted the Birmingham campaign's immediate outcome, the effort's long-term effects were felt nation-wide. In the weeks that followed, tensions flared, and protests commenced in scores of Southern cities. King's fame as a civil rights leader was doubled. On June 11, President Kennedy voiced his commitment to federal civil rights legislation. Preoccupied by the Cold War, he had held off, but Birmingham had pressed the issue. Kennedy's commitment culminated in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which was signed into law by Lyndon Johnson after Kennedy's assassination. The act mandated federally what had in Birmingham been won locally: a white commitment to desegregation and equal employment opportunities. It also gave the federal government power to enforce desegregation laws in schools by withholding funds from noncompliant districts

29. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee • The time it occured: 1960-1966 • It all started on February 1,1960, when a group of black college students who attended NC A&T University refused to leave a lunch counter in Greensboro,NC. While they were sitting at the counter they were not served based upon their color. From then it caught many other colleges in the South about town sit-ins. • The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee or (SNCC) was then formed by some students who went to Shaw University in Raleigh, two months after what had happened in Greensboro. • This committee would coordinate sit-ins, support their leaders, and publicize their activities fighting against white oppression and segregation.

32. FREEDOM SUMMER FREEDOM SUMMER The 1964 Mississippi movement topromote equal rights for blacks

33. In June of 1964 the freedom summer campaign was launched to register as many black voters as possible in the state of Mississippi. At that time racial prejudice was still strong and the area was known for unfair voting practices meant to discourage African American participation in political functions. The movement also created freedom schools, an alternative to the segregated and underfunded public system

35. Civil rights Act of 1964 It was focused on providing equality within all aspects of society and to change the precedent of “separate but equal” It outlawed segregation in schools, waiting areas for busses, public facilities, restaurants, and many more places.

36. Famous people involved in the civil rights act Thurgood Marshall Rosa Parks Martin Luther King J.R. James Meredith Lyndon B. Johnson

38. Conflict between a civil rights movement called the “freedom summer” and the Klu Klux Klan. The KKK was upset and discouraged that the freedom summer was successful in creating boycotts in white businesses. The leader of the freedom summer was a man by the name of Michael Schwerner . Schwerner was a civil rights activist in support for black rights, but was a target for the KKK. The KKK came up with “Plan 4”. Plan 4 was primarily a plan to get rid of Schwerner. The plan targeted a church call Mount Zion Church in Longdale, Mississippi. The church was going to be used for Freedom Schools. Schwerner was never at the church but that didn’t stop the KKK. The klan began to abuse the church members instead. The KKK eventually burned the whole church to the ground. Old members of the movement began to investigate the burning. The Mississippi Burning

39. Pictures of the trial of the Mississippi Burning trial And the Mt. Zion church That was burned down by the KKK.

40. Malcolm X • Real name was El- Hajj Malik El Shabazz or Malcolm Little • African American Muslim minister and civil rights activists. • Father (Earl Little) was killed by whites and mother (Louise Norton Little) was put into a mental hospital. • By age 20, to prison for 10 years for breaking and entering . He studied Islam while in prison. • Leader of Nation of Islam, Muslim Mosque Inc. and Organization of Afro-American Unity.

41. Assassination • February 21, 1965, while giving a speech for Organization of Afro-American Unity, a disturbance broke out in a 400-person audience. • Assassinated by 3 members of Nation of Islam after less then a year of leaving the group. • Talmadge Hayer rushed toward the stage and shot him once in the chest. Norman 3X Butler and Thomas 15X Johnson shot him 16 more times. • Manhattans Audubon Auditorium • Between 14,000 and 30,00 attended his funeral

43. Selma, Alabama Marches • This riot in Alabama was about voting rights. • Bloody Sunday- March 7, 1965: the day 600 rioters marched through Selma. • Organizers of this riot was SCLC and Martin Luther King Jr. • March 9, 1965: Led symbolic march to Edmund Pettus Bridge. • Ended in Montgomery the capital. • Johnson- Proposed Voting Rights Bill. • The marches are successful!

44. Selma, Alabama Photos

45. Voting Rights Act of 1965 • The Voting Rights Act was an act created in the United States Constitution to enforce the 15th amendment. • The Act was encouraged to prevent discrimination against race, color, language groups, or religious preference. • Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. began a campaign addressing the discrimination against African American voting rights. • The Voting Rights Act had not created a law prohibiting poll taxes. • The act prohibits states to require voting qualifications for voters.

47. Watts Riots • August 11-15, 1965 • Watts Neighborhood in Los Angeles, California • Largest & costliest urban rebellion of Civil Rights Era • Over $40 million in property damage • 34 deaths, 1032 injuries, 3483 arrests • Cause: Police pull Marquette Frye over for DUI • Underlying cause: racial and social tension

49. Stokely Carmichael calls for “Black Power” • Stokely Carmichael gave his speech in Berkeley, California in October of 1966. • His speech was delivered at a student conference on a university campus. • In his speech, Carmichael states that if the majority of America, which is white won’t allow blacks to have freedom, then they better move over, or they[African Americans] will move on over them.

50. The Black Panther Party was founded in Oakland, California by Huey Newton & Bobby Seale in Oct. of 1966. • Founded the party for self-defense • One of the first organizations in U.S. history to militantly struggle for ethnic minority and working class emancipation. • Dealt with violent protest. • On April 25th, 1967, Huey Newton was arrested for killing an Oakland city cop at an heavily armed protest.