Unit 16: Teaching Theory and Instructional Techniques

1. Unit 16: Teaching Theory and Instructional Techniques • Learning and Teaching • Water Class Management • Lesson Planning

2. Student Performance:By the end of the lesson you will be able to: • Explain the learning and teaching process. • Explain testing, evaluation, and achievement. • List and define the Laws of Learning. • Describe the factors that enhance learning. • Describe methods for effective oral communications. • Describe training aids and tell how they can enhance communication. • Explain how to teach swimming and diving in confined and open water. • Prepare lesson plans for classroom, confined, and open water.

3. Learning and Teaching • Learning: • “A measurable change in an individual’s behavior or attitude.” • “A change in behavior based on experience.” • Bloom’s taxonomy • Identifies three overlapping domains important in the learning process: • Knowledge • Attitude • Skills

4. Cognitive Domain Bloom’s taxonomy

5. Affective Domain Bloom’s taxonomy

6. Psychomotor Domain Bloom’s taxonomy

7. Learning and Teaching (continued) • Teaching: • “Purposeful activities that aid an individual’s learning.” • Testing and evaluation • Foster effective learning and achievement. • Class focus • The student is the most important person in any class.

8. Learning and Teaching (continued) • The “laws of learning“ • Readiness: students will learn best when physically and mentally ready. • Intensity: increased sensory input increases learning. • Primacy: first learned is best remembered. • Exercise: skills are only truly learned through participation and practice. • Effect: Students learn best when they perceive the material as real and useful. • Recency: that which is most recently learned is more easily recalled.

9. Learning and Teaching (continued) • Factors that enhance learning • Oral communication • Preparing to communicate • Getting started • Using the “tools of the trade” • voice, eyes, hands and body

10. Learning and Teaching (continued) • Training aids • Reinforce a point • Increase the intensity of the experience • Use it and then put it away

11. Learning and Teaching (continued) • Empathy • Goals and motivation • Reinforcement • Pacing

12. Learning and Teaching (continued) • Continuity • Relaxation and performance • Physical awareness and sensitivity • Physical surroundings • Anxiety and fear

13. Water Class Management • Surface teaching • Safety and communication • Class positioning is important to the learning process • Line-up • Semicircular • Instructor centered

14. Water Class Management (continued) • Evaluating and teaching swimming skills • Crawl stroke • Breaststroke • Elementary backstroke • Sidestroke

15. Crawl Stroke

16. Breaststroke

17. Elementary Backstroke

18. Sidestroke

19. Water Class Management (continued) • Underwater teaching • Positioning is important for safety and control • Follow me • Call down • Class first, instructor following • Instructor first, watching class • Instructor and buddy pairs in turn

20. Water Class Management (continued) • Progression • Exercises • Skill demonstration • Using demonstrations well • “I hear, I forget; I see, I remember; I do, I understand.”

21. Water Class Management (continued) • Demonstration quality skills • Camaraderie and competition • Imaging and self-concept • Intrapersonal communication

22. Lesson planning“Failing to plan is planning to fail.” • Benefits of Lesson Planning • Modern Lesson Planning • The acronym TOM I PASTA

23. Lesson planning (continued) • Lesson planning from scratch • Establishing objectives • “If you’re not sure where you’re going, you’re liable to end up someplace else.” • Components of a learning objective • Performance • Conditions • Standard

24. Lesson planning (continued) • Classroom • Preliminary steps of lesson preparation • Subordinate steps • prepare the introduction • prepare the summary • prepare the lesson evaluation • prepare the lesson plan • “TOM I. PASTA” mnemonic • rehearse the lesson • prepare the teaching notes

25. Lesson planning (continued) • Confined water • Briefing: (introductions, session overview, facility orientation–hazards and restrictions, safety equipment, communications, etc. Detailed briefing outlines are included in NAUI instructor guides.) • Skill review exercises • New skills • Activities • Debriefing

26. Lesson planning (continued) • Steps of confined water lesson preparation • Identify the skill and any sub-components. • Determine objectives: (performance, condition, standard). • Select the teaching method. • Determine the time frame for the lesson. • Determine the skill progression and the exercises needed to reach the objectives. • Determine training aids and assistants needed. • Prepare an introduction and summary, if appropriate. • Prepare the training aids. • Rehearse the skills to be demonstrated. • Prepare teaching notes/slates.

27. Lesson planning (continued) • Open water training • Briefing: (introductions, session overview, facility orientation–hazards and restrictions, safety equipment, communications, etc.) • Skill review exercises • Skill performance • Skill evaluations • Application of skills • Debriefing

28. Lesson planning (continued) • Steps of open water session preparation • Identify the dive location and an alternate; check weather and environment, print maps and directions. • Verify information for briefing: hazards, communications, and emergency procedures. • Prepare schedule of activities. • Determine staffing and equipment needs. • Prepare briefing notes. • Inventory and check equipment: personal, backup, and emergency. • Prepare emergency action plan. • Prepare debriefing notes.

29. End of Unit 16Teaching Theory and Instructional Techniques • Learning And Teaching • Water Class Management • Lesson Planning

30. Student Performance:By the end of the lesson you will be able to: • Explain testing, evaluation, and achievement. • List and define the Laws of Learning. • Describe the factors that enhance learning. • Demonstrate effective oral communications. • Describe training aids and tell how they can enhance communication. • Explain the learning and teaching process. • Teach swimming and diving in confined and open water. • Lesson plan for classroom, confined, and open water.

31. Student Performance:By the end of the lesson you will be able to: • Explain the learning and teaching process. • Explain testing, evaluation, and achievement. • List and define the Laws of Learning. • Describe the factors that enhance learning. • Describe methods for effective oral communications. • Describe training aids and tell how they can enhance communication. • Explain how to teach swimming and diving in confined and open water. • Prepare lesson plans for classroom, confined, and open water.