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Unit V Teen Pregnancy

EDGC 682 Counseling Issues in Sexuality. Unit V Teen Pregnancy. Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC Professor Emeritus Department of Foundational and Graduate Studies in Education. Teenage Pregnancy. 400,000 children under the age of 18 give birth each year in the U.S. That rate is twice as high

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Unit V Teen Pregnancy

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  1. EDGC 682 Counseling Issues in Sexuality Unit V Teen Pregnancy Dean Owen, Ph.D., LPCC Professor Emeritus Department of Foundational and Graduate Studies in Education

  2. Teenage Pregnancy 400,000 children under the age of 18 give birth each year in the U.S. That rate is twice as high as any other advanced, industrialized nation in the world. Hoffman & Maynard, (2008)

  3. Teenage Pregnancy Defined: Pregnancy among unmarried women between 13-19 years of age or before attaining the legal status of an adult.

  4. Two Factors for Teenage Pregnancy • Fertility • Sexual Practices

  5. Two Factors for Teenage Pregnancy Factor 1: Fertility Age of menarche (first menstrual period) is highly variable but in the U.S. it is age 12. Factors include ethnicity and body weight. Worldwide the age of menarche has been declining during most of the past century and is thought to be the result of improved diet and lifestyle. National Research Center for Women and Families (2001). “Early Puberty in Girls”. http://www.center4research.org/2010/04/girls-to-women/.

  6. Two Factors for Teenage Pregnancy Factor 2: Sexual Practices Sexual practices are thought to be influenced by social practices and by personal choices. A study conducted in 2006 found that adolescents who were more exposed to sexuality in the media were also more likely to engage in sexual activity themselves.

  7. Two Factors for Teenage Pregnancy Factor 2: Sexual Practices Media portrayals and increasing frequency have done much to de-stigmatize teenage pregnancy in America. L’Engle, Ladin, Brown, and Kenneavy. (2006).

  8. Teenage Pregnancy Rates In several Sub-Saharan African Countries the rates of teenage pregnancy are as high as 143/1000 (14.3%) The U.S. and New Zealand have the highest rates for developed countries. UNICEF,2001

  9. Teenage Pregnancy Rates South Korea currently has among the lowest rates of teen pregnancy at 2.9/1000 (.029%) UNICEF,2001

  10. Teen birth and abortion rates, 1996 per 1000 women 15–19 Country birth rate   abortion rate   combined rate   pct aborted   Netherlands 7.7 3.9 11.6 33.6 Spain 7.5 4.9 12.4 39.5 Italy 6.6 6.7 13.3 50.4 Greece 12.2 1.3 13.5 9.6 Belgium 9.9 5.2 15.1 34.4 Germany 13.0 5.3 18.3 28.9 Finland 9.8 9.6 19.4 49.5 France 9.4 13.2 22.6 58.4 Denmark 8.2 15.4 23.6 65.3 Sweden 7.7 17.7 25.4 69.7 Norway 13.6 18.3 31.9 57.4 Czech Republic 20.1 12.4 32.5 38.2 Iceland 21.5 20.6 42.1 48.9 Slovakia 30.5 13.1 43.6 30 Australia 20.1 23.9 44 54.3 Canada 22.3 22.1 44.4 49.8 Israel 32.0 14.3 46.3 30.9 United Kingdom 29.6 21.3 50.9 41.8 New Zealand 33.4 22.5 55.9 40.3 Hungary 29.9 30.2 60.1 50.2 United States 55.6 30.2 85.8 35.2 UNICEF,2001

  11. 13,000,000 Children are born to teenage mothers worldwide each year….90% of them in poor and under-developed countries. Complications from pregnancy and childbirth are the leading causes of mortality for women aged 15-19 UNICEF,2001

  12. Low rates of teen pregnancy in Western Europe has been attributed to two factors…. Comprehensive sex education and effective contraception (Netherlands and Scandinavia) and traditional values and stigmatization (Spain & Italy) Hoffman, S.D., & Maynard, R.A. (2008).

  13. The U.S. has the highest teenage birth rate in the developed world. Rate peaked in the 1950s Rate declined slowly and steadily until the late 1990s. The rate declined for all racial groups although African-American and Hispanic-Americans retained higher rates than European or Asian Americans. Guttmacher Institute attributed 25% of the decline to abstinence and 75% to the use of contraceptives. The Guttmacher Report on Public PolicyFebruary 2002, Volume 5, Number 1

  14. The Guttmacher Report on Public PolicyFebruary 2002, Volume 5, Number 1

  15. Key findings National levels and trends • In 2006, 750,000 women younger than 20 became pregnant. The pregnancy rate was 71.5 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15–19, and pregnancies occurred among about 7% of women in this age-group. • In 2005, the U.S. teenage pregnancy rate reached its lowest point in more than 30 years (69.5), down 41% since its peak in 1990 (116.9). However, in 2006, the rate increased for the first time in more than a decade, rising 3%. • The pregnancy rate among sexually experienced teenagers (those who had ever had intercourse) was 152.8 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged 15–19, reflecting the fact that the overall teenage pregnancy rate includes a substantial proportion of young people who are not sexually active. The pregnancy rate among sexually experienced teenagers also increased for the first time in over a decade, rising 3% from 2005 to 2006. U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity,The Guttmacher Report on Public PolicyFebruary 2010.

  16. Key findings National levels and trends • The teenage birthrate in 2006 was 41.9 births per 1,000 women. This was 32% lower than the peak rate of 61.8, reached in 1991, but 4% higher than in 2005. • The 2006 teenage abortion rate was 19.3 abortions per 1,000 women. This figure was 56% lower than its peak in 1988, but 1% higher than the 2005 rate. • From 1986 to 2006, the proportion of teenage pregnancies ending in abortion declined almost one-third, from 46% to 32% of pregnancies among 15–19-year-olds. U.S. Teenage Pregnancies, Births and Abortions: National and State Trends and Trends by Race and Ethnicity,The Guttmacher Report on Public PolicyFebruary 2010.

  17. World wide most individuals are sexually active by age 20 but the countries with the lowest levels of adolescent pregnancy are those that accept sexual relationships among teenagers and provide clear and balanced information about sexuality. Guttmacher Institute. (2005). Sex and Relationships. Retrieved August 8, 2006.

  18. Factors associated with teenage pregnancy…. Peer pressure Poverty Drug use Alcohol use Age disparity Abuse/Stress Guttmacher Institute. (2005). Sex and Relationships. Retrieved August 8, 2006.

  19. Peer pressure: The Kaiser Family Foundation study of U.S. teenagers reported….. 29% of teens reported feeling pressure to have sex, 33% of sexually active teens reported "being in a relationship where they felt things were moving too fast sexually", 24% had "done something sexual they didn’t really want to do".[ The idea of peer pressure continues to appear in multiple polls as a significant factor in encouraging both boys and girls to have sex… U.S. Teen Sexual Activity, Kaiser Family Foundation, January 2005.

  20. Factors associated with teenage pregnancy…. Poverty is associated with increased rates of teenage pregnancy throughout the world. Niger and Bangladesh have far more teenage mothers compared with economically rich countries such as Switzerland and Japan. (Why??) Studies conducted in the UK suggest that the majority of all teenage pregnancies are from the poorest 1/3 of the population. In Italy, the teenage birth rate in the poorest regions is 3 times than of the wealthy central regions. Sociologist Mike Males noted that teenage birth rates closely mapped poverty rates in California Guttmacher Institute. (2005). Sex and Relationships. Retrieved August 8, 2006. Males, Mike (2001) America’s Pointless “Teen Sex” Squabble, c Youth Today.

  21. Factors associated with teenage pregnancy…. Drug/Alcohol Use Inhibition-reducing drugs and alcohol are associated with teen pregnancy… Risk taking behavior The drugs with the strongest evidence linking to teenage pregnancy are: Cannabis, alcohol, and amphetamines The drugs with the least evidence to support a link to early pregnancy are the opioids such as heroin, morphine and oxycodone….libido reducing effects. Amphetamines are widely prescribed to treat ADHD \– internationally, the countries with the highest rates of recorded amphetamine prescription to teenagers also have the highest rates of teenage pregnancy. Besharov, & Gardiner (1997).

  22. Factors associated with teenage pregnancy…. Age disparity Studies conducted by the Family Research Council indicate that age discrepancy between the teenage girls and the men who impregnate them is an important contributing factor. Teenage girls in relationships with older boys, and in particular with adult men, are more likely to become pregnant than teenage girls in relationships with boys their own age. They are also more likely to carry the baby to term rather than have an abortion. Men older than high school fathered… 77% of births to high school age girls (16-18) 51% of births to girls 15 and younger… Family Research Council: http://www.frc.org/

  23. Factors associated with teenage pregnancy…. Age disparity Men over age 25 fathered twice as many children of teenage mothers than boys under age 18. Men over age 20 fathered five times as many children of junior high school-aged girls as did junior high school-aged boys. A 1992 Washington state study of 535 adolescent mothers found that 62 percent of the mothers had a history of being raped or sexual molested by men whose ages averaged 27 years. This study found that, compared with non-abused mothers, abused adolescent mothers initiated sex earlier, had sex with much older partners, and engaged in riskier, more frequent, and promiscuous sex. Studies by the Population Reference Bureau and the National Center for Health Statistics found that about two-thirds of children born to teenage girls in the United States are fathered by adult men age 20 or older. Family Research Council: http://www.frc.org/

  24. Factors associated with teenage pregnancy…. Age disparity On average in the U.S. the fathers of high school age mothers are 4.2 years older On average in the U.S. the fathers of middle school age mothers are 6.7 years older. Family Research Council: http://www.frc.org/

  25. Age of consent in Kentucky 16 years. First-degree rape if victim is less than 12. Second-degree rape if victim is less than 14 and perpetrator is 18 or older. Third-degree rape if victim is less than 16 and perpetrator is 21 or older.

  26. Factors Associated with Teenage Pregnancy Abuse and Stress: Domestic violence and exposure to family strife has been linked to a significant increase pregnancy risk (Tampkins, 2004). According to a 2004 study, one-third of teenage pregnancies could be prevented by eliminating exposure to abuse, violence, and family strife. The researchers note that "family dysfunction has enduring and unfavorable health consequences for women during the adolescent years, the childbearing years, and beyond." Anda, Felitti, & Chapman (2001) also found that boys raised in homes with a battered mother, or who experienced physical violence directly, were significantly more likely to impregnate a girl. Tamkins, T. (2004). Anda, Felitti & Chapman (2001).

  27. Age of consent in Kentucky 16 years. First-degree rape if victim is less than 12. Second-degree rape if victim is less than 14 and perpetrator is 18 or older. Third-degree rape if victim is less than 16 and perpetrator is 21 or older.

  28. Effects of Teen Pregnancy….

  29. Effects of Teen Pregnancy…. Teen Parents

  30. Effects of Teen Pregnancy…. • Interrupted Education • Some studies suggest that pregnant teen mothers were only likely to complete high school 10-12% of the time….other studies contradict this…..

  31. Effects of Teen Pregnancy…. 3. Poverty.. 60% of pregnant teens are at the poverty level at the time of the birth of their child…. 50% will be on public assistance within 5 years of the birth of their child. Less than 1/3 will receive child support from the father….. Hofferth, Reid, Mott, & Frank, (2001). The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time. Family Planning Perspectives, 33 (6).

  32. Effects of Teen Pregnancy…. 3. Poverty.. Studies in the UK suggest that 89% will be chronically unemployed….. Income will place teen mothers in the bottom 20% of lifetime earning potential. Poor prenatal care… Hofferth, Reid, Mott, & Frank, (2001). The effects of early childbearing on schooling over time. Family Planning Perspectives, 33 (6).

  33. Effects of Teen Pregnancy…. 4. Suicide Risk Pregnant teenage girls are 7 times more likely to attempt suicide than other teenagers…. http://sean-c-powers.com/TeenagePregnancy.html

  34. Effects of Teen Pregnancy…. • 5. Children born of teenage mothers are at higher risk for: • Malnutrition • Poor academic performance • Limited economic options • Becoming a public offender • Substance abuse Maynard, 1996. Kids having kids.

  35. Effects of Teen Pregnancy…. 6. 25% of all adolescent mothers will become pregnant again within 24 months of the birth of the first child…. Maynard, 1996. Kids having kids.

  36. References Anda RF, Felitti VJ, Chapman DP, et al. (February 2001). Abused boys, battered mothers and male involvement in teen pregnancy. Pediatrics107 (2): E19. doi.: 10.1542/peds.107.2e19 Besharov, Douglas J. & Gardiner, Karen N. (1997). Trends in Teen Sexual Behavior. Children and Youth Services Review, 19 (5/6), 341–67. Hoffman, S.D., & Maynard, R.A. (2008). Kids Having Kids: Economic Costs and Social Consequences of Teen Pregnancy, (2nd Ed.). Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute Press. L’Engle, Ladin, Brown, and Kenneavy. (2006). The mass media are an important context for adolescents’ sexual behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 186–192. Tamkins, T. (2004). Teenage pregnancy risk rises with childhood exposure to family strife. Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health, March–April, 2004

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