Presentation Transcript

1. 7-4.1 Explain the causes and course of World War I, including militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, the impact of Russia’s withdrawal from, and the United States entry into the war. 7-4.2 Explain the outcomes of World War I, including the creation of President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points, the Treaty of Versailles, the shifts in national borders, and the League of Nations. 7-4.3 Explain the causes and effects of the worldwide depression that took place in the 1930s, including the effects of the economic crash of 1929. 7-4.4 Compare the ideologies of socialism, communism, fascism, and Nazism and their influence on the rise of totalitarian governments after World War I in Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union as a response to the worldwide depression.

   Unit 4 Part 1: World War I, The Great Depression, and The Rise of Dictators

2. Causes of World War I There were four M.A.I.N. causes of World War I: Militarism Alliances Imperialism Nationalism The greatest cause was nationalism.
3. Militarism Militarism is the fascination with the military and the glory of war. It had been going on for a while as nations built up bigger and more powerful armies and navies that allowed them to conquer other nations.
4. Alliances Before WWI
5. Alliances Competition between nations led to a complex system of alliances. Russia, France, and England formed the Triple Entente. Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed the Triple Alliance.
6. Imperialism Newly united countries like Germany and Italy, as well as empires, wanted to establish colonies to gain wealth by getting natural resources and trade.
7. Nationalism Many nations in Europe were controlled by either the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Ottoman Empire. People in these nations desired self-rule. European countries became rivals over control of other nations and this led the formation of alliances.
8. Franz Ferdinand
9. The “Spark” The Balkan region was mostly controlled by Austria Hungary. The leader of Austria-Hungary, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, was assassinated in Bosnia by a Serbian nationalist. Bosnia was ruled by Austria-Hungary and Serbia wanted to control Bosnia.
10. Alliances That Caused War Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Russia considered themselves to be the protectors of the “slavs” or the people who lived in Serbia. They declared war on Austria-Hungary. Germany joined Austria-Hungary. Britain and France joined Russia.
11. New Alliances
12. New Alliances Alliances changed once the war started: The Central Powers were: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire. The Allied Powers were: Britain, France, Russia, Italy (1915), USA (1917) Nations used propaganda, or communication to influence the attitude of the citizens to support the war. Even though there are only a few countries in each alliance, there were many more countries who chose a side and fought in the war.
13. Trench Warfare
14. Weapons and Trench Warfare New weapons and trench warfare made World War I more deadly than any other war. The Industrial Revolution led to the development of new weapons, such as long-range artillery, poison gases, gas masks, submarines, tanks, machine guns, airplanes, and flame throwers.
15. Trench warfare led to a stalemate (no one was winning) because people were using ditches as hideouts. Most deaths would occur when soldiers fought between the trenches in “No Man’s Land.”
16. The Fronts There were three fronts in World War I. Western Front-in France; where trench warfare occurred; French and British vs. Germany. Neither side could get the other to surrender. Eastern Front-in Russia; Germany, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria vs. Russia Italian Front-Italy and France vs. Germany and Austria-Hungary
17. Czar Nicholas II and Family
18. Russian Revolution Before WWI, Russians were angry over high taxes, working conditions, and political rights. World War I made things worse because Russia was not industrialized and they were losing the war. Czar Nicholas II couldn’t control the problems and he was an absolute monarch.
19. In 1917, the working class (Bolsheviks) revolted in what was called the Russian or Bolshevik Revolution. Czar Nicholas II was overthrown and he and his entire family were executed. The Bolsheviks were led by Vladimir Lenin. They withdrew from WWI and signed a peace treaty with Germany. (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk) Russia becomes known as the Soviet Union.
20. US Entry into the War When the Great War (World War I) broke out, the US declared a policy of neutrality (not taking sides). American trade with Germany had slowed down because the US had a long time trading partnership with Britain, and now Germany was fighting against Britain. Also, the British navy blockaded German ports, making it impossible to trade.
21. Lusitania and U-Boats
22. American businesses made loans to the Allies in order to keep trade going with them. Because the US and Britain were long time “friends”, most Americans supported the Allied Powers. In 1915, a German U-Boat (submarine) sank a British passenger ship known as the Lusitania.
23. There were Americans on board the ship, but President Woodrow Wilson promised to not go to war. Germany agreed to lower their usage of the u-boats. Woodrow Wilson even ran for president under the slogan “He kept us out of war.”
24. Zimmerman Telegram
25. In 1917, Arthur Zimmerman, a German ambassador, sent a telegram to the leader of Mexico. The Zimmerman Telegram offered Mexico a deal to gain lost lands (Arizona, Texas, etc.) in exchange for an attack on the United States, if the US were to join the Great War. The British government intercepted this telegram and published it, angering many Americans.
26. In the telegram, Germany promised to start “unrestricted submarine warfare” again, and this led to the sinking of US merchant ships. Woodrow Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany to “make the world safe for democracy.” The Americans helped defeat the Germans on the Western Front and on November 11, 1918, an armistice, or cease-fire, was signed to end the fighting.
27. President Woodrow Wilson
28. The Effects of World War I After World War I, the Allies met in France at the palace of Versailles to design a treaty. President Woodrow Wilson brought his Fourteen Points to the conference. The Fourteen Points addressed the problems that caused World War I and ways to bring about a lasting peace.
29. Fourteen Points Some of the Fourteen Points included: no military build-up, no secret alliances, and the rights of nations to govern themselves. It also included the idea to create the League of Nations, an international organization designed to resolve disputes between nations and prevent future wars.
30. While Wilson wanted to create peace, the other Allies (Britain, France, and Italy) wanted to punish Germany and make themselves more powerful. They got their way…The only thing Wilson and the United States contributed to the Treaty of Versailles (treaty to end WWI) was the League of Nations. The reason why the Allies wanted to punish Germany is because Germany was the most powerful Central Power and caused the most destruction.
31. The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles included a “War Guilt Clause”. It stated: Germany had to accept responsibility for starting the war. Germany had to pay reparations, or war damages, to the Allies. Germany had to limit their army to 100,000. Germany couldn’t have an air force or submarines. Germany had to demilitarize, or remove their military from the Rhineland. Germany lost territory.
32. Russia could not attend the Treaty of Versailles meetings because they dropped out of the war. The Treaty of Versailles didn’t create a lasting peace. Actually, the Treaty of Versailles ended up being a main cause of World War II.
33. The League of Nations The League of Nations was ineffective in achieving it’s goal of world peace. Problems with the League included: It was weak and unstructured. Not all major powers were members. (Germany and Russia couldn’t join) The US didn’t join. The League had no authority or influence over other countries. It had to use volunteer troops. It required unanimous consent for decisions (everyone had to agree).
34. Changes in Political Boundaries Nationalism, one of the biggest causes of World War I, had to be addressed after the war. Woodrow Wilson proposed an idea of self-determination, or allowing a country to choose their governments. This meant empires would have to decrease.
35. The big ideas of the Treaty of Versailles were to weaken the Central Powers and all nations that fought with them. The biggest changes were the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman Empires. Germany lost territory. Poland and other nations were created. Russia lost some territory after signing a treaty with Germany, but regained a small amount after the war. http://www.cyberlearning-world.com/lessons/ushistory/ww1/preww1.htm
36. The Great Depression in Europe The Great Depression of the 1930s was an international depression (occurred around the world). After WWI, the large reparations enforced on Germany were so high that Germany couldn’t pay them. Other European nations had to spend a lot of money rebuilding from the war.
37. Soldiers who fought in the war were looking for work or replacing the workers who helped out during the war. Even though the war was expensive, people did have jobs during the war because they were making weapons. Unemployment rose after the war. Germany struggled the most because of the reparations and the loss of industrial land and resources because of the treaty.
38. Even though punishing Germany supported Britain and France’s goals, it actually hurt trade and production throughout all of Europe. In 1923, France took over Germany’s main industrial region known as the Ruhr Valley. Germany’s response was to start printing money which caused inflation (high prices) and destroyed the value of money.
39. European nations stopped buying and investing on goods around the world, especially in the United States. They had to focus on their own nations and rebuild and deal with financial problems.
40. The Great Depression in the United States In the 1920s, the United States had an economic boom. American companies were making a large number of products (just as they did during the war) and they expected to sell it in large numbers. American farmers grew crops for the Allies and European nations during the war and now there was no longer a demand for a large number of crops.
41. Factory workers were still paid very little. Americans continued buying stock in US companies and hoped good times would continue. Stocks were bought on credit (didn’t pay for it right away and would make payments on it). The price of stocks increased a lot and it appeared that this was an easy way to make money.
42. The sale of goods slowed down because European consumers couldn’t buy and Americans stopped buying as much. Companies had large supplies of goods because no one was buying them and investors started selling stocks quickly. The price of stocks dropped and those who bought on credit couldn’t repay their loans.
43. Investors were selling stocks so quickly and withdrawing money from banks. This caused a stock market crash. On October 29, 1929, known as Black Tuesday, the United States stock market crashed and caused a lot of people to lose large amounts of money. Companies laid off workers and unemployment rose. This caused more people to withdraw money from banks.
44. Savings were wiped out and banks ran out of money because they had even invested in the stock market. Banks demanded full repayment of loans and people couldn’t pay this, so they started losing their homes. Homelessness and unemployment increased, banks and businesses closed, and the US depression made the worldwide depression worse.
45. The US had started loaning money to European countries after WWI. European countries couldn’t pay back their loans to the US because they had no money. Germany borrowed a lot of money from the US. When the US stopped loaning money to European countries, they suffered more because they depended on the loans.
46. European nations and the US relied on worldwide trade due to industries. When the depression got worse in the US and Europe, economies in Asia, Africa, and South America suffered too because they were not getting products they needed.
47. Government Responses to the Depression Most nations reacted to the depression by putting a policy of isolationism (turned away from the rest of the world) in place. Democratic nations tried to pass laws to solve the problems caused by the depression. Some nations turned to totalitarian (absolute) leaders who used their power to get raw materials and markets. This led to WWII.
48. The United States Response The United States responded by elected Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR) in the 1932 presidential election. FDR and Congress passed programs that became known as the New Deal. The New Deal focused on relief and reform with public works programs to increase employment (building roads, schools, etc.) and regulated the stock market, banks, and businesses.
49. The New Deal made the government more involved in the lives of citizens. For the first time in history, the US government provided direct relief to citizens.
50. Great Britain Great Britain responded to the depression by passing protectionist policies, or policies designed to protect industries in Britain from foreign competition. The government had greater control of industries and people were encouraged to buy only from Britain.
51. Britain also raised taxes in order to have more money to loan to businesses. Britain hoped this would increase employment.
52. Dictators Who Rose to Power Adolf Hitler Joseph Stalin Benito Mussolini Hideki Tojo
53. Germany, Italy, and Japan’s Responses The Great Depression led to the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany. Adolf Hitler took advantage of people’s fears about the economy, anger at the government, and the legislature of Germany to become Chancellor in 1933. Hitler used the economic problems to get rid of his opponents, gain power, and establish total control over the government.
54. Hitler used the German’s hatred of the Treaty of Versailles to gain popularity. In Italy, Benito Mussolini was able to gain support because of the depression. In Japan, the military took over the government because of the Great Depression. The main leader was Hideki Tojo. These totalitarian governments used the Great Depression to take over their nations by promising to improve the economy.
55. The Soviet Union The Soviet Union (USSR) became a communist nation after the Bolshevik/Russian Revolution of 1917. Communism-an economic system in which the government holds all of the power and distributes the wealth among all citizens. The main idea of communism is to give more power to the working class and decrease the wealth and power of the upper class.
56. Communism calls for industry, production, and business to be controlled by the whole society, through the government. Therefore, wealth would be distributed to the citizens by the government. There would be no competition or private property and collectivization is the focus of the society. Collectivization-owning property as a group
57. Communism also calls for getting rid of all religion. Socialism is based on the economic ideas of Communism. It’s focus is having the working class share the wealth (businesses and industry). Joseph Stalin used the ideas of Socialism and Communism to create a totalitarian nation where he had all of the control. Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1928.
58. Joseph Stalin made the Soviet Union an industrial power. He had a secret police monitor everything said and written, censored all information, and used propaganda keep his power. During the Great Purge, Stalin tortured members of his own Communist Party who he thought was a threat to his power.
59. Stalin persecuted the Russian Orthodox Church and had religious leaders killed, forcing all religion to be practiced in secret. He ordered the Five-Year Plans, which forced the Soviet Union to industrialize in only five years. Industry increased, but there were shortages of other goods that the people needed.
60. Stalin took over all farms and combined them into huge government-run farms to increase food production. Agricultural production increased, but wealthy peasant (kulaks) who were against collectivization were killed. Stalin improved the economy and education in the Soviet Union, but the people had no rights.
61. Italy Italy was unhappy with the Treaty of Versailles because they were not given a large amount of land, even though they were on the winning side. People blamed Italy’s democratic government for inflation, unemployment, and economic problems.
62. Benito Mussolini took advantage of the problems in the country and founded the Fascist Party in 1919. Fascism-a government that glorifies the state over the individual citizen He organized a group called the Black Shirts (the color of their uniforms), who attacked Communists and Socialists. Mussolini promised to strengthen the economy and gained support of the middle class and industrialists by ending a labor strike.
63. Mussolini took full power in 1922 when his followers marched to Rome and told King Emmanuel to make Mussolini the leader. He received the title IL DUCE, or the leader. He set up a Fascist dictatorship and used a secret police and censorship to keep his power.
64. Mussolini increased the size of the military. He invaded Ethiopia in 1935 and 1937 to show his anger over the Treaty of Versailles.
65. Germany Nazism was basically fascism with a different name. It began in Germany Germany was devastated by World War I and angry over the Treaty of Versailles. The high reparations, loss of territory, losing the war, and the Great Depression led to people blaming the German government and wanting a change.
66. Adolf Hitler founded a Fascist group called the National Social German Workers or the Nazi Party. The Nazis used large rallies, special salutes, and special troops called the Brown Shirts. They also used the swastika as their symbol. In 1923, Hitler and a group of Nazis tried to overthrow the German government called the Weimar Republic. It was a failure.
67. Hitler was put in jail where he wrote Mein Kampf, or My Struggle. In this book, he wrote about his goals for Germany. He claimed that true Germans, or Aryans, were the master race and he blamed others, particularly Jews, for Germany’s problems. Hitler also wrote that he wanted to regain lost German lands and unite all German-speaking people.
68. The Great Depression made people support Hitler and the Nazis because Germans were so desperate for a strong leader to fix their problems. German President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor. Hindenburg died a short time later and Hitler was able to take full control over Germany and set up a totalitarian (unlimited) government.
69. Hitler set up a secret police called the Gestapo, outlawed all political parties except the Nazis, imprisoned opponents using censorship and propaganda, banned labor unions, and controlled the economy. He was called the Furher, or leader. Hitler’s government built factories and ignored the Treaty of Versailles by building up the military.
70. Hitler moved his army into the Rhineland, which went against the Treaty of Versailles. He later took over Austria in 1938, the Sudetenland in 1938, and all of Czechoslovakia in 1939.
71. Japan When the Great Depression occurred, Japan was a newly industrialized country that depended on exports to make money. Exports decreased greatly during the Great Depression, which caused Japan to not trust Western nations such as the US and Great Britain.
72. There were many bad harvests on Japanese farms, which caused more problems for Japan. Military leaders (Hideki Tojo was the main leader) took control over the main operations of the government, making the Emperor a figurehead (symbolic leader) who had to obey the military. The new leaders believed the only way to solve the problems of the depression would be to expand their territory in East Asia.
73. In Japan, the totalitarian government was a military government. In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria. The League of Nations did not approve of this, so the Japanese withdrew from the League in 1933. In 1937, Japan attacked China.