Texas and the Civil War and Reconstruction

1. Texas and the Civil WarandReconstruction Civil War (1861-1865) Reconstruction (1865-1874)

2. MAJOR ERAS IN TEXAS HISTORY • WHY HISTORIANS DIVIDE THE PAST INTO ERAS • Civil War (1861-1865) • Reconstruction (1865-1874) • Historians divide the past into eras so it is easier to identify cause and effect of the great events/people in history.

3. Civil War (1861-1865) • States’ Rights • Slavery • Confederate States of America • Last battle fought of the Civil War • Blockade

4. Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil War • States Rights • Texans believed that states should be able to make their own political, economic, and social decisions. • Slavery • Texans believed that slavery was vital to the economy.

5. Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil War • Sectionalism – loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole • The Texas economy, social structure, customs, and political values was much like other southern states.

6. Reasons for Texas to Enter the Civil War • Tariff – a tax on trade • Texans were for low tariffs to continue to trade cotton with European nations. Southern states produced 80% of the world’s supply of cotton. • The federal government imposed protective tariffs

7. Civil War in Texas • Political effects • Texas joined the Confederate States of America • Houston removed from office because he failed to sign an oath to the Confederacy • Conscription Act – 60,000 Texans joined Confederate army • Some Texans sided with the Union and joined the Union forces

8. Civil War in Texas • Economic effects • Shortages of commodities, such as coffee, medicine, clothing, salt, paper • Trade along Mexican border continued and supplied some of these items to Texans • Cotton production declines and corn and wheat production increases • Shortage of free labor • Inadequate production in agriculture and business • Shortages were also due to the Union blockade along the Texas coast

9. Civil War in Texas • Social effects • Greater responsibilities for women and children during the war • Loss of family members • Union supporters were treated with hostility

10. Important People and Events of the Civil War • John Bell Hood • Leader of the Confederacy’s Hood’s Texas Brigade • Most notable battle Seven Day’s Campaign and fought at Gettysburg • Ft. Hood in Killeen is named for him • John Reagan • Served in the cabinet of Confederate President Jefferson Davis as Postmaster General

11. Important People and Events of the Civil War • Francis Lubbock • Governor of Texas in 1861 • Assistant to Confederate President Jefferson Davis • John Magruder • Commanded Confederate forces in Texas • Recaptured Galvesto

12. Important People and Events of the Civil War • Thomas Green • Led the troops that were on the steamboats converted to gunboats by General John B. Magruder, who commanded the Confederate forces in Texas • Gunboats attacked Union ships in Galveston Bay and took back control of Galveston

13. Important People and Events of the Civil War • Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross • Served as the 19th governor of Texas, a Confederate States Army general during the American Civil War, and a president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, now called Texas A&M University

14. Important People and Events of the Civil War • Battle of Galveston • July 1861 – the Union Navy began to blockade Texas ports • October 1862 – a Union fleet sailed into Galveston Harbor and Confederate forces retreated. • Confederate General John B. Magruder recaptured it by converting two steamboats into gunboats by lining their sides with cotton bales, earning the nickname “Cotton Clads” • January 1, 1863 – General John B. Magruder and his men captured several hundred Union soldiers. • The city of Galveston was again under Confederate control

15. Important People and Events of the Civil War • Battle of Sabine Pass • 1863 – The U.S. made plans to invade Texas. • Union General William B. Franklin and 5,000 troops hoped to land his army near Sabine City, and then march overland to attack Houston and Beaumont • Ft. Griffin at Sabine Pass was guarded by Confederate Lieutenant Richard Dowling and Davis Guards • September 8, 1863, Union soldiers attacked, but the Davis Guards fought back, marking a complete victory for the Confederacy

16. Important People and Events of the Civil War • Battle of Palmito Ranch • Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered on April 9, 1865, but Confederate forces did not stop fighting for another month because word spread slowly. • May 12, 1865 – the Union army moved inland to occupy Brownsville. • They collided with Confederate troops led by John S. Ford, who captured over 100 Union troops, and battled with them • Union troops informed the Confederate troops that the war was over.

17. Reconstruction (1865-1874) • 13th Amendment – ended slavery • 14th Amendment – citizenship given to African Americans • 15th Amendment – suffrage given to all males • Radical Republicans • Military Districts • Removal of Native Americans on the frontier • Cattle Industry booms • Constitution of 1876

18. Reconstruction (1865-1874) • Political effects • Martial law – the military polices the state under Governor Edwards • Constitution of 1876 – written at the end of Reconstruction; this is the constitution Texas still follows today • Indian wars – the government removes Native Americans from the frontier. • Passage of the Reconstruction Amendments • 13th Amendment – ended slavery • 14th Amendment – citizenship given to African Americans • 15th Amendment – suffrage given to all males

19. Reconstruction (1865-1874) • Economic effects • Growth of tenant farming and sharecropping • Expansion of railroad • Cattle industry booms

20. Reconstruction (1865-1874) • Social effects • Concern over future of freedmen • Juneteenth – June 19, 1865 – Emancipation Day in Texas (African-Americans learn they are free) • Freedmen’s Bureau established • Black Codes (state laws that limited rights of African Americans • Ku Klux Klan (terrorized African American voters and kept them away from the polls)

21. Effects of Physical and Human factors on Texas • End of the Civil War in Texas and freeing of Texas slaves • Communication during the 19th century was very slow. The war ended April 9, 1865.  • Confederate soldiers were still fighting May 12 - May 13, 1865 in Texas because they had not heard that Robert E. Lee surrendered and the war was over • Texas slaves did not hear about their emancipation until June 19, 1865 • Texas is not devastated after the war because few battles were fought in Texas in comparison to the rest of the southern states. • Crops were still planted/sold through Mexico and circumvented the Union blockades

22. Texas Timeline • Texas in the Civil War and Reconstruction – • 1861 – Sam Houston resigns as governor of Texas • 1861 – Texas secedes • 1865 – The Civil War ends and Abraham Lincoln is assassinated • June 19, 1865 – Texas slaves find out they are free from General Gordon Granger in Galveston • 1870 – Texas is readmitted to the United States • 1874 – Reconstruction ends in Texas

23. Texas Timeline • Texas in the Civil War and Reconstruction • 1876 – the Constitution of 1876 is adopted. (This is the constitution used in Texas today.) • 1861 – Civil War begins (Texas joins the Confederate States of America, seceding from the U.S.) • 1876 – adoption of current state constitution (Texans did not want a strong central government and opted to rewrite the constitution and include limitation of the governor’s powers and voting rights to African Americans)