1. Models of Urban Structure

2. Urban Components -CBD (central business district): location of skyscrapers and companies (would always be the center of the 3 urban models, many people commute, few actually live there) -Central city: urban area that is not suburban; generally the older or original city surrounded by the newer suburbs. -Inner city: urban area around the CBD; typically poorer and more run down in the US and other long-developed states; typically more rich upscale in less-developed states. -Ghetto: inner cities that become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out of the suburbs (white flight) and immigrants and poorer people vie for scarce jobs and resources. -

3. Changes in Cities in the U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: suburbanization and counterurbanization • Developed Countries:suburbanization • wealthy move to suburbs • automobiles and roads; ‘American Dream’ • better services • wealthy move to suburbs • counterurbanization • idyllic settings • cost of land for retirement • slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

4. Inner Cities – White Flight • Inner-city physical problems • Deterioration process • Urban renewal • Inner-city social problems • Underclass • Culture of poverty • Blockbusting • Redlining

5. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

6. Concentric Zone Model • Ernest Burgess, 1920’s • City of Chicago

7. Concentric Zone Model Zone A: • CBD is here • Transportation infrastructure converges • Most tertiary employment Zone B: • Industrial activities • Adjacent to CBD, labor and markets • Port sites and rail yards

8. Concentric Zone Model Zone C: • Low income housing • Constantly being converted to other uses due to expanding manufacturing and industrial activities • First generation immigrants Zone D: • residential zone dominated by working class • Second generation immigrants • Near employment

9. Concentric Zone Model Zone E: • Higher quality housing • Longer commuter costs Zone F: • outside zone E • High class expensive housing • Rural, suburban setting

10. Concentric Zone Model: Considerations • Considered a product of its time, circa 1950 • Developed for American cities and not easily applied elsewhere • Developed when people used public transit and can’t be applied to the highway cities of today

11. TODAY • INDIVIDUALLY-RECREATE POWDER SPRINGS GA • Just like the model • Include examples (in each sector) from your memory. • Be able to discuss the positives and negatives of this model

12. Three Classical Models of Urban Structure

13. 1871

14. 1892

15. 1996

16. THE SECTOR MODEL

17. 6 Sector Model • Homer Hoyt, 1939 • City of Chicago • Transport had a direct impact on land uses • Cities grow along an axis, thus the sector model

18. 6 Sector Model Zone 1: • CBD • Land is expensive • Little space, competition is high, congestion is high Zone 2: • Zone of Transition • Old industries located here • State of constant change due to growth of Zone 1

19. 6 Sector Model Zone 3: • Zone of Transition • A.k.a old inner city areas • Low class residential housing Zone 4: • Council Estates • Semi-detached housing • Garden areas • Medium-class residential

20. Sector Model Zone 5: • Commuter Zone • Private, high class, top quality housing • Much commuting into CBD Zone 6: • Countryside areas • Pleasant, rural surroundings • Satellite villages and towns

23. Multi-Nuclei Theory • Harris and Ullman • Separate nuclei or CBD’s in the urban pattern, not just one • Centrifugal forces determine land use, ie residential repels industrial • High rent vs low rent

24. Multi-Nuclei Theory • Zone 1 • CBD • Zone 2 • Zone of Transition • Zone 3 • Residential Low Class • Zone 4 • Residential Middle Class

25. Multi-Nuclei Theory • Zone 5 • Residential Upper Class • Zone 6 • Industry and Heavy Manufacturing • Zone 7 • Mini CBD • Zone 8 • Residential Suburb

26. Multi-Nuclei Theory • Zone 9 • Industrial Suburb

27. Urban Realms Model Each realm is a separate economic, social and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metro framework.

28. Modeling the Cities of the Global Periphery and Semiperiphery • Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model) • African City (de Blij model) • Southeast Asian City (McGee model)

29. Latin American City (Griffin-Ford model)

30. The African City (de Blij model)

31. Southeast Asian City (McGee model)