Interactions in Dar al-Islam: Islamic Expansion & Cultural Exchange

1. Warm Up • What people did you find most interesting from the presentations given yesterday and why? • What is the entire premise or theme of the song We Didn’t Start the Fire thus far? • What events did you find most interesting from the presentations given yesterday and why?

2. Warm Up • How is Islam similar to Christianity? • How is Islam similar to Confucianism? • What is the importance of the Umayyad Caliphate and where was it located? • What is the importance of the Abassid Caliphate and where was it located? • How was Islam spread? • Why did Islam unsuccessfully spread in India?

3. Period Three: Regional and Transregional Interactions 600 to 1450

4. Dar al-Islam: House of Islam • Mecca • Bedouins, commercial center, Ka’aba, polytheistic • Substantial profit • Muhammad • Orphan merchant marries wealthy businesswoman • Revelations from archangel Gabriel about “Allah” • Mecca merchants fear lack of profit from pilgrimages • Monotheism • Hijrah • Mecca to Medina • Umma: programs for life • Orphans, widows, military, etc. • 629 pilgrammage to Mecca • Visit Ka’aba, conquered city, 632 hajj again. • Islam=Submission • Muslim=one who submits • Prophet as well as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. • 632 Muhammad dies w/o successor • Five Pillars • Faith: Only Allah, Prayer: 5 times facing Mecca, Fasting: dawn to dusk during Ramadan (revelation month), Alms-giving: Zakat, Hajj: Trip to Mecca • First Caliph (successor to prophet) Abu-Bakr • Next caliph assassinated (Umayyad), so Ali Muhammad’s cousin appointed caliph • Shia sect: Member of Muhammad family should be Caliph • Sunni sect: (largest now) successor chosen from the umma (Muslim community) • Early Expansion of Islam • Military conquest • Arabian Peninsula • Persia • 7th century = Syria, Mesopotamia, Palestine, and Egypt • Central Asia vs. Buddhism • 8th century= North Africa, Spain/Portugal, and NW India • Unconcerned with religious beliefs more with power for leaders/people

5. Dar al-Islam: House of Islam • Indian system of numbers • Arabic numerals • Algebra, Geometry, Trig • Astrolabe (pos. of stars) • Optic surgery/anatomy • Astronomy (map of stars) • Cartographers (detailed maps) • Urban centers increase • Education institutions increase • Arts, writing, calligraphy • Minarets (towers for prayer), mosques (places of worship) • Arabian Nights, literature/poetry • Sufi’s: Mystics focused on emotional union with Allah • Never address succession, levy high taxes = leaders unpopular • Independent kingdoms arose = Persia with Sultans • Baghdad in 945 along with Seljuk Turks adopt Sunni • Turks contol Baghdad in 11th century • Seljuk takeover of Jerusalem prompts Crusades in 1095. • 13th century Mongols execute Abbasid Caliph • Umayyad Caliphate made capital at Damascus, Syria • Arabic ethnicity over adherence to Islam • Inferior status to converts • “People of the Book” J/C would pay taxes for charity/property. • Worship/self-rule • Ruling families luxury • Gen. pop = revolt • Overthrown by Abbasid in 750 • One escapes to Spain • Caliphate of Cordoba • Abbasid Caliphate supported by Shia make capital at Baghdad • Equal Status to converts • Advanced education/career • Trade W Med. To China • Ancient Greeks, Romans, Persians, logic of Aristotle preserved • Advanced education/career • Trade W Med. To China • Ancient Greeks, Romans, Persians, logic of Aristotle preserved • Advanced education/career • Trade W Med. To China • Ancient Greeks, Romans, Persians, logic of Aristotle preserved

6. Dar al-Islam: House of Islam • Al-Andalus= Islamic Spain • Allies of Umayyad dynasty • Caliphs wanted to preserve Greco-Roman culture • Science and Math of Muslims • Caliphate of Cordoba • Library, free education, interregional commerce thrives, alcohol, algebra, and sofa added to Spanish vocab. • Islam in India • Delhi Sultanate • Military conquests unsuccessful due to monotheistic beliefs • Hindu lower castes/untouchables accept • Islam in SE Asia • Commercial contacts/conversion • Malaysia, Indonesia, and South Philippines • Islam in Africa: Spirit of Jihad (holy war) • Caravan routes spread • Like concept of unification of secular and spiritual powers in a caliph • Egypt, Ghana, Mali • Blend of local polytheism and Muslim • Sudan due to matrilineal structure • Indian Ocean Trade • East Africa • Ibn Batutta • Mogadishu, Mombasa, Kilwa • Accepted by rulers then people • Women hesitant to accept due to loss of freedoms • Mamluk Dynasty in Egypt • Strict adherence to Islam • Safe trade routes prospered • Fell to Ottoman Turks in 16th century

7. Dar al-Islam: House of Islam • Role of Women • Big change from Muhammad to 15th century • Not required to wear veil and be secluded (Abbasid court) • Stems from interaction/diffusion of Middle Eastern women • Men followed example of Muhammad • Four wives so long as could provide/treat equally • Women get one • Both equal before Allah, female infanticide was forbidden, could own property, initiate divorce and allowed to remarry (if husband initiates divorce). • Seclusion to keep away from gaze of men • Created barriers to accept Islam • Quran established a patriarchal society • Slavery • Could not enslave another Muslim • Except POW’s • Not hereditary • Free slaves if they convert • Born of a slave woman and Muslim man • FREE • Summary • Islam unifies Asia, Europe, and Africa. • Preserves Mediterranean Classical culture and blends • Educational opportunities were extended • Urban centers created • Eastern Hemisphere profoundly impacted

8. The Expansion of China • Tang Dynasty: Central Asia to Afghanistan • Tibet, Manchuria, S Vietnam • Bureaucracy of scholar-gentry and Confucian gov’t • Civil Service Exam strengthened • Buddhism rises with elite/peasants • Empress Wu • Art, sculpture, monasteries • Tax exemptions, private gifts of property increases wealth/power • Tang rulers fearful start restricting • Confucianism rises again • Decline • Internal rebellion • Invasions of nomadic peoples • Achievements of Tang • Trade/travel on silk roads protected • Contacts with Islam increase • Ocean-going ships improve/interest sparks • Chinese junks leading ship, dominated trade in Indian Ocean • Paper money • Letters of credit, or flying money, facilitated long distance trade • Urban areas grew in size • Increases canals/irrigation • Foundation for Grand Canal • Land redistribution • Gunpowder • Short stories/poetry • Tea and fast growing rice imported from Vietnam • Pop growth from rice better than millet

9. The Expansion of China • Song Dynasty • Couldn’t control Khitan (N nomads) • Paid tribute for 300yrs. • Traditions strengthened: • Civil Service Exam prerequisite for gov’t posts • Greater prestige for scholar-gentry • Neo-Confucianism: Blend of Buddhist/Confucian values • Respect for authority/family to everyday life of all levels of Chinese society • Elites to withdraw from contact with others • Reinforced gender/class distinctions • Scholar gentry over Military • Tribute to Khitan killed economy/peasants • Jurchens overthrow Khitan • Take over Yellow River • Push Song south • Achievements: • Overseas trade began • Artists created landscape paintings • Catapults hurled bombs/grenades • Flame throwers/rocket launchers • Printing with movable type • Compasses • Abacus developed to aid in counting/taxes • Foot binding spread among elite • Patriarchal family intensified • Chinese culture increases through the East • Japan, Chinese, Vietnam, and Korea made contacts with China

10. China’s Influence in Japan • Mimic form of Chinese bureaucracy • Blend of Confucian thought and written characters • Buddhism mixed with Shinto • Revered spirits of nature/ancestors • Aristocrats rebel • Local lords increase power • Tiny kingdoms protected by fortresses • Bushi led small states and maintained military • Samurai: serve Bushi and capital to protect emperor from bandits • Bushido • Seppuku: disembowelment • Moved towards feudalism • Serfs: Japanese peasants bound to the land • Gempei Wars: Peasants Vs. Samurai – 12th • Destroyed countryside • Minamoto family rises establishes the Bakufu • Military government • Still had emperor/court but power with Minamoto family and Samurai’s • Distanced from Confucian ways • The shogunate • Jap families who controlled military leaders • Civil disorder in 14th century allowed Bushi vassals to acquire land • Divided to Samurai’s • Provide loyalty and military assistance when needed • Daimyo • Warlord who ruled tiny kingdom • Some were centralized • Taxes collected to fund public projects • Trade between villages blossomed to long distance trade with China • Achievements • Merchant/artisan guilds • Common currency • Tea ceremony/decorative gardens

11. Chinese influence on Korea • Han Dynasty migrants • Buddhism, writing, metallurgy, agriculture, Confucian classics • Tang rulers defeat resisting Koreans • Silla Kingdom resists made vassals of Chinese • Paid Tribute • Silla unites Korea • Studies Chinese customs • Kowtow (bow to emp.) • Chinese Civil Service Exam • Paid tributes to use Chinese trade network and educational systems • Connects Vietnamese, Japanese, etc. • Cultural and commercial opportunities expand • Buddhism rises with elites • Porcelain techniques from China • Celadon bowls produced • Mongol invasions interfere contacts with Korea/China • After 1392 contacts restored

12. Chinese impact on Vietnam • Valued independence while admiring tech/polit. Advances of China • Qin traded with Vietnamese, but Viets began to control and intermarry Cambodians and other in SE Asia • Vietnamese has different language, lived in villages, society based off nuclear family • Women enjoyed more privileges • Buddhism hugely popular • Han tried to get S. China but Vietnamese opposed • Han conquers Vietnamese • Adopt Chinese agric., irrigation, Confucian veneration of ancestors, extended family structure • Staged rebellions • Fall of Tang = major protest winning Viets their independence • Continue civil service exam • Conquer neighboring peoples due to military organization/tech. adopted from Chinese

13. Chapter 13 in 5 steps to a 5 • READ on your own • Pages 124-128 • European Middle Ages • Crusades • European Feudalism

14. Interregional Trade and Exchange: The Mongols • Pastoral Nomads from steppes of Central Asia • Horseman who trade livestock for crops • Tribe, unite to confederations. • Steppe diplomacy: alliances eliminating rivals • Temujin: Creates confederations based on loyalty • Renamed Ghengis Khan (ultimate ruler) • Military: Horsemanship • Shortbow, catapult, gunpowder, cannons, flaming arrows, battering rams, etc. • Khan extends power from China to Persia • Tribute collectors, tolerant of culture/religion of conquered, assimilate. • Mongols in Russia • Tartars in Russian invade in winter • Resisting cities massacred or sold into slavery • Kiev burned to ground • Tribute Empire: Golden Horde • Serfdom-peasant gave up lands to rich for protection from Mongols • Moscow: Tribute collection center, princes take lands who can’t pay • Metropolitan (head of Orthodox church) head of Russian church • Russia separate from Western European trends • No trade, Renaissance/Reform., etc. • Attempted to conquer Europe • Hungary in 1240 • Raids in Eastern Europe never good

15. Interregional Trade and Exchange: The Mongols • Mongol women were more free • No footbinding, free movement, etc. • Neo-Confucianism limited rights towards end of dynasty • Scholars/artisans from other societies used • Foreigners welcomed: Marco Polo • Merchants rose in status • Piracy stopped = maritime trade increases • Expansion attempts • Japan and kamikaze winds • Vietnamese brief occupation • World items more important then efficient gov’t • Banditry, famine, rebellions lead to downfall • Peasant overthrows Mongols to forge Ming Dynasty • Mongols in Persia • Conquer Islam • Ilkhanate: Persia • Baghdad destroyed 800,000ppl. Murdered • Seljuk Turks in Turkey defeated • Ottoman Turks enter in 15th century • Mamluks (Slaves of Egypt) overthrow Mongols in 1260 • Mongols in China • Kubilai Khan conquers S. China forming Yuan Dynasty • Chinese forbidden to learn Mongol language • Intermarriage was outlawed • End of Civil Service Exam • Religious tolerance was practiced • Chinese could be in gov’t

16. Interregional Trade and Exchange • Spread of Bubonic Plague • Black Death leads to fall of Yuan Dynasty • 25mil. Killed • Ended feudalism in Europe • 100yrs. + to recover pop. Losses and urban settlement • Other Nomadic Invaders/Influences • Timur the Lame (Tamerlane) Turk from Central Asia • Brutal conquests of Persia, Mesopotamia, India, and Russia • Death = end of nomadic invasion • The Mongols: Facilitators of Trade • Pax Mongolica: • Increases trade, wealth, exchange of ideas between East and West • Trade Route Diaspora • Foster cultural exchange • Jews on Silk Roads • Chinese in SE Asia • Long distance trade increases • Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo

17. Encounter/Exchange in Africa • Bantu Migrations • Sub Saharan Africa • Agrarian peoples • Ideas, Technology, and language • Rain forest in Nigeria outward S and E • 500 B.C.E. to 1000 C.E. • Agricultural techniques and iron working (possibly from Kush) blended with cattle-raising (other Africans) • Crop cultivation • Malay sailors: bring bananas from SE Asia to Madagascar • Spread in reverse pattern of Bantu migration • Interactions in East Africa • Spread of languages • Syncretism of Bantu and Arabic languages into Swahili • Major language still • Society and Gov’t • Village as basis of society • Stateless societies • Family and kinship led by by respected family member • Religion was animism with spirits • Griots: story tellers • Age grade: cohort group of same age who share life experiences/responsibilites • Women: Highly respected as child bearers • Share in work • Property in communal • Individ. Wealth - slaves