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Understanding Evolution: Key Concepts of Adaptation, Variation, and Natural Selection

This review explores essential topics in evolution, including adaptation, variation, and natural selection. Learn about structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations, how variations develop into adaptations, and the role of mutations and selective advantages, such as antibiotic resistance. We cover Darwin's perspective on natural selection, his research on Galapagos islands, and types of selection including stabilizing, directional, and disruptive. Evidence of evolution is presented through the fossil record, biogeography, and developmental biology, alongside the evolution of early primates and human development.

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Understanding Evolution: Key Concepts of Adaptation, Variation, and Natural Selection

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Presentation Transcript

  1. UNIT 4 – Evolution A BRIEF REVIEW OF SUBTOPICS

  2. Adaptation & Variation • Extinction • Adaptations: • Structural • Behavioural • Physiological • Variations • How do variations develop? • How do variations become adaptations?

  3. Adaptation & Variation (con’t) • Mutations • Selective advantage • Eg. Antibiotic resistance in staph. bacteria

  4. Darwin & Natural Selection • General info about Darwin • General info about voyage of Beagle, research and observations in Galapagos • Eg: Turtles & Finches • Origin of Species • Controversy surrounding Darwin

  5. Darwin & Natural Selection (con’t) Natural Selection • Process of change in populations over many generations • Individuals with certain traits survive local environmental conditions • Pass on favourable alleles to offspring • Environment exerts ‘selective pressure’ Assumptions of Natural Selection • Variation • Competition • Fitness • Adaptation

  6. Darwin & Natural Selection (con’t) Concepts: • Natural Selection • Fitness • Selective pressure • “Descent with Modification” • Artificial selection

  7. Mechanisms of Evolution Factors that Change Allele Frequencies: • Mutation • Gene Flow (Migration) • Non-Random Mating • Genetic Drift • Natural Selection

  8. Mechanisms of Evolution (con’t) • “The Bottleneck Effect” • “The Founder Effect”

  9. Types of Natural Selection RECALL: • Result of the environment selecting for individuals with certain traits that make them better suited to survive and reproduce • Over many generations, frequency of alleles of many different genes may change, resulting in significant changes

  10. Types of Natural Selection (con’t) • Stabilizing Selection • Directional Selection • Disruptive Selection • Sexual Selection

  11. Types of Natural Selection (con’t) Long Term Evolution: • Gradualism • Punctuated Equilibrium

  12. Evidence of Evolution Topics Discussed: • Fossil record • Radiometric Dating • Transitional forms • Biogeography

  13. Evidence of Evolution (con’t) Topics Discussed: • Embryonic development • Homologous structures • Vestigial structures • Atavisms • Micro-evolution happening today

  14. Evolution of Humans • Early primates • Brain development (cranial capacities) • Transition to 2 bipedal and life out of trees and onto plains • Eg: Ardi

  15. THE END … • Questions? • “Hey, quit Following me!”

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