1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Industrial Revolution

2. The Industrial Revolution Changed way people lived and worked. • From farmingmanufacturing based economy OldNew Cottage industry Factories • Several factors = Britain ideal place for IR to start.

3. Agricultural practices in 18th c More farmland good weather new crops - potato Improved farming methods RESULT: Better food production More crops at a lower price Population grew Agriculture Revolution Previously Now

4. Enclosure Movement • Better food production = Pop. grows • Leads to Enclosure: Taking over & fencing off land • Enclosure movement: • Peasants forced off land • Fewer workers needed • RESULT: • people moved to towns for work • supply of labor

5. Economic Conditions • Supply of Markets • Colonies • Easy transportation to markets • Increase in pop = increased demand • Wealthy people w/$ to spend (capital) • RESULT: • Many markets to sell goods • Change from “cottage industry” to factories

6. Resources • Factors of Production • Resources needed to produce goods • Land (natural resources) • Coal & iron ore • manufacturing • Steam engines -coal • Labor • Workers (plenty Ag Rev) • Mine coal & run machines • Capital • Money • Factories & Machines • RESULT: • Britain had supply & made money • Money to invest in machines and factories

7. Changesto the Textile Industry • Factories • Developed b/c new machinery too big for home • Located near water sources for power

8. Inventions in the Textile Industry • Flying Shuttle: • increased weaving production • Spinning Jenny: • spun multiple threads at same time • Power loom: • mechanized loom powered made operation completely automatic • Water frame: • waterpower to increase spinning

9. TransportationRevolution • Macadam Roads • John Macadam • Large rocks for drainage • Layer of smooth crushed rock on top • Heavy wagons could travel in the rain • Other new transportation • Canals to connect rivers • Stronger bridges

10. Transportation: New Technology • James Watt • Steam engine • Key power source • An energy revolution • Coal to power steam engine • Steam Locomotive and Railroads • Steamboats to travel the waterways

11. Changing History • The IR was a long, slow process • Simple tools complex machines. • New energy sources human and animal power. • People lived in small villages. • Cottage Industry • Now people live in the cities • Work in factories • Eliminated the “Cottage Industry”

12. Chapter 25 Section 2 Changes caused by The Industrial Revolution

13. Factory Workers

14. Children Working

15. Miners

16. Young Coal Miners

17. Living Areas

18. Main Idea: Industrialization caused many changes in Europe What were your predictions for change? Industrial Classes form Living conditions Working conditions Growth of Population and Cities Changes in Europe

19. Growth of Population and Cities • Population grew • By 1850, London’s population had grown to 1 million • Increased food supply better fed and healthier • Cities begin to be homes to factories • people began to move to find jobs • Urbanization: city building & the movement of ppl to cities

20. Middle Class: Merchants, factory owners, wealthy farmers Claimed most of the wealth from the revolution Lived comfortably in the suburbs Working Class: Laborers in factories Poor, lived in slums of the city lived in tenements (multistory building with small apartments) New Industrial Classes

21. Living Conditions • Rapid growth & limited space • living conditions were terrible for many • No plans or building codes • No protection – police • Poor people lived in small houses in cramped streets.

22. Living Conditions • Tenements • No running water • No sewage or sanitation system • Waste & garbage rotted in streets • Disease was widespread

23. Improvements to City Safety • Paved Streets • Street lights • Police and fire forces • Underground sewage systems • Steel to construct buildings (skyscrapers)

24. Working Conditions • machines running as much as possible • 12-15 hr days • 6 days/wk • Workers not allowed to speak to each other • Pay was very low 17.5 - 25 cents/hour • Women & children paid much less

25. Turn of the century working conditions • Many accidents (no safety devices) • Sick or injured = lose of job • Save money in factories • Dangerous conditions • Not well lit • Dirty • No safety devices • No aid for injury – lost job • diseases

26. Factories: Child Labor • Why Child Labor • Smaller hands/quicker moving • Did the jobs adults were too big for • Needed the wages children brought home

27. Discipline worse Beaten or whipped to keep working Could pay children less to do work that was easy to accomplish no consideration for their safety. Factories: Child Labor

28. Child Labor: Punishment • One common punishment for being late or not working up to quota would be to be "weighted." • An overseer would tie a heavy weight to worker's neck and have them walk up and down the factory aisles so the other children could see them and "take example." This could last up to an hour.

29. Women • Women • Employed as spinners, did cleaning, miners, etc • Easier to manage • Less pay • After work, tend to the family and all the problems of urban life • worked through pregnancy and even with young children

30. Positive Effects: Eventually • Created jobs • Nation wealthier • Progress in technology • Increased production • Raised the standard of living • Expanded education • laws for better wages & conditions

31. Working Class Victories • reforms to help laborers • Limits # of hours • couldn’t employ children under 10 • Regulated safety in factories • Minimum wage laws • Improved public health and housing for workers • Education Act: public education for all children • 1830/40s pass laws regulating child labor