1. What is Oceanography?

2. Marine Science • Or oceanography is the study of the oceans, how they are formed, its associated life forms, the coastal interactions, and the atmosphere.

3. How can aquatic research affect us? • What are some ways that you can think of the aquatic research can affect us in everyday life? • How will these become more important in the future?

4. S.C.U.B.A. • Self Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus. • Scientists first used SCUBA equipment to map the ocean floors (shallow) and look at aquatic life.

5. Scientific Advances in Marine Science Underwater Exploration

6. Underwater Exploration- Drifters, HOVs, ROVs, AUVs

7. Argo-adjustable oil pack allows buoy to rise and sink every 10 days. (6500 ft max depth)

9. Argo • Continuously measures temperature and salinity of the upper 2000 m of the ocean (data made publicly available within hours after collection) • Because over 90% of the observed increase in heat content of the air/land/sea climate system over the past 50 years occurred in the ocean [Levitus et al., 2001] • It will improve our understanding of the ocean's role in climate

10. Spray Glider

11. Spray • Adjustable oil packs enable it to sink and rise, with wings that propel it forward 10”/second (max depth 5,000 ft) • Sensors measure nutrient density, chlorophyll abundance, and current motion • GPS tracks location

12. Exploration Vehicle Types • HOV-human operated vehicles- subs • ROV-remotely operated vehicles- tethered robots • AUV-autonomous untethered vehicles- preprogrammed robots

13. AUV-Autonomous Benthic Explorer (ABE) being deployed

14. ABE - first underwater robotic vehicle of its kind • ABE is untethered, unmanned and works for long hours at extreme depths. • ABE can survey bottom environments at depths of 5000 meters with a variety of sensors and tools. ABE carries a full complement of scientific survey equipment including: conductivity and temperature probes, a depth recorder, video cameras, and a magnetometer to measure magnetic fields. Also equipped with sonar for advanced mapping, as well as geological sampling tools • Weighs approx. 1200 pounds and 2 meters long, with top cruising speed of 2 knots

15. Alvin-Sub • Alvin was the first deep-sea submersible capable of carrying passengers, usually a pilot and two observers • Upgraded Alvin can plunge to a maximum depth of 14,764 ft (21,000 in 2009) • Scans ocean floor, cameras image surroundings, and manipulator arm collects specimen

16. HOV • Deepworker

17. ROV • Remotely operated underwater vehicles (ROVs) are unoccupied, highly maneuverable underwater robots operated by a person aboard a surface vessel • They are linked to the ship by a group of cables that carry electrical signals back and forth between the operator and the vehicle • Most are equipped with at least a video camera and lights. Additional equipment is commonly added to expand the vehicle’s capabilities. These may include a still camera, a manipulator or cutting arm, water samplers, and instruments that measure water clarity, light penetration, and temperature.

18. ROV • Kept aboard vessels for safety reasons • In the event that a submersible becomes entangled it can use cutter blades to the manipulator arm and used to free the sub • If a sub loses power and cannot surface, the ROV’s manipulator arm can grab onto the sub

19. Exploringthe Titanic • The ROV JJ was controlled remotely by a pilot inside Alvin through a fiber optic cable

20. S2 Phantom ROV can move horizontally, vertically and laterally.

21. Hybrid ROV (HROV)-due 2006 • Swim free or fiber optic tether to the ship • Ceramic pressure housing allows for 36,000 ft max depth,and 36 hours of seafloor surveys (sonar imaging), temperature and chemical readings, pictures, videos to sampling of rocks/deep-sea animals –all in one!

22. Measuring Depth

23. Bathymetry - Mapping & Measuring the Oceans Depth • How do we know how deep the entire ocean is when we’ve only explored less than 25%??!

24. Early Depth Measurements • Letting down a weighted line • Weighing a ball of string with a known weight after letting out a length

25. Depth Technology - Today • Echo Sounding (pinging) • Multibeam Systems • Satellite Altimetry

27. Multibeam System

28. Side Scan Sonar (sound navigation and ranging)

29. Satellite Altimetry Have to wait until tomorrow to find out!!

30. Formula Depth= Time x 4800 2 • 4800 is the speed of sound in salt water • Divide by 2 for the time to reach bottom and back