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Structure and Function of the Cell

Structure and Function of the Cell. Chapter 4. 4.1 Discovering the cell…. 1665 – Hooke looked at plants under the microscope and saw little boxes He named them “cells” 1673 – Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see living cells. Fast Forward…150 years!.

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Structure and Function of the Cell

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  1. Structure and Function of the Cell Chapter 4

  2. 4.1 Discovering the cell… • 1665 – Hooke looked at plants under the microscope and saw little boxes • He named them “cells” • 1673 – Van Leeuwenhoek was the first to see living cells

  3. Fast Forward…150 years! • Schleiden – all plants are composed of cells • Schwann– all animals are composed of cells • Virchow – cells come only from other cells • These three scientists’ work lead to the modern CELL THEORY

  4. The Cell Theory • 1. All living things are composed of cells • 2. Cells are the basic unit of an organism • 3. Cells only come from the reproduction of preexisting cells.

  5. Cell Diversity Red Blood Cells Bacterial Cells Ulcer causing bacteria cells Parasitic Cell

  6. Your body has over 200 different types of cells!

  7. Cell Size Most cells are microscopic Cell size is limited by the surface area to volume ratio

  8. Cell Shape • Shape is determined by the function of the cell

  9. Internal Organization • ProkaryoticVs. Eukaryotic Cells “Before Nucleus” No Nucleus or Membrane organelles Single cell organisms “True Nucleus” Yes Nucleus and Membrane organelles Multicellular and single Cell organisms

  10. Surface Area to Volume Ratio • Surface Area : L x W x # of sides • Volume: L x W x H • Ratio : surface area/volume

  11. Now you try…. • Obtain a copy of the lab: Modeling Cells: Surface Area to Volume AND box paper • Cut out boxes and tape them together (3 boxes total) • Complete lab worksheet about surface area to volume ratio

  12. All Eukaryotic Cells Have… • A cell membrane • A nucleus • Other organelles

  13. Parts of the Eukaryotic Cell The structures are determined by the functions of each part

  14. 1. Cell Membrane • Function: outer layer of a cell that allow substances into and out of the cell • Selectively permeable – allows only certain things to cross the membrane

  15. Parts of the Membrane • Membrane Lipids • Phospholipids arranged due to their hydrophobic and hydrophilic ends • Lipid bilayer • Steroid (cholesterol) embedded within

  16. Parts of the Membrane (cont) • Membrane Proteins • Peripheral proteins – attached to either side of the cell membrane • Integral proteins – embedded within the cell membrane and extends out on both sides

  17. Fluid Mosaic Model • Membrane behaves like a liquid • Lateral movement of lipids and proteins • Mosaic – changing pattern of proteins and lipids in the membrane

  18. Organelles • “Mini organs” of the cell • Each organelle has its own structure and function • All cells have different types and numbers of organelles

  19. Nucleus • Function: to store the hereditary information of the cell (DNA) and to control the cell • Contains: nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleolus, and chromatin (chromosomes)

  20. Mitochondria • Function: makes ATP • “Powerhouse of the Cell” • Location: highly active cells

  21. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function: Makes proteins, glycoproteins, and membranes for export out of the cell • Covered in ribosomes • Location: surrounds nucleus in cells that produce many proteins

  22. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum • Function: Makes lipids, metabolizes carbohydrates, and detoxification center for the cell • Location: abundant in liver, kidney, ovaries, and testes

  23. Ribosomes • Function: Protein synthesis • Location: Attached to E.R. or free in cytoplasm • Made in nucleus and completed in cytoplasm

  24. Golgi Apparatus • Function: Manufacturing, warehousing, sorting, and shipping materials out of the cell • Location: found in most cells

  25. Lysosomes • Function: Digests (breaks down) macromolecules the are in the cell, such as proteins and carbs. • Also breaks down dead cells • Location: abundant in liver and white blood cells

  26. Peroxisomes • Function: Breaks down fatty acids • Detoxification center in liver cells • Location: abundant in liver and kidney cells

  27. Cytoskeleton • Function: Support system of the cell, aid in movement within the cell • 3 Structural Types: microtubules microfilaments intermediate filaments

  28. Cytoplasm • Function: Holds organelles in the cell • Site of all chemical reactions in cell • Location: contains organelles in cell

  29. Cilia and Flagella • Function: Locomotion and movement of materials around the cell • Location: outside of cell • Animal cells only

  30. Cell Wall • Function: Protects the cell, gives the cell shape and structural support • Plant cells

  31. Chloroplasts • Function: Photosynthesis • Makes energy from the sun • Location: “green parts” of plant • In plant cells

  32. Central Vacuole • Function: Stores materials especially water and waste products • In plant cells

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