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Warm Up

Warm Up. What is the nervous system? What is it made up of? (anatomy) What does it do? (physiology) Write down all you know about the nervous system What questions would you like answered this unit about the nervous system?. Objective: SWBAT

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Warm Up

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  1. Warm Up • What is the nervous system? • What is it made up of? (anatomy) • What does it do? (physiology) • Write down all you know about the nervous system • What questions would you like answered this unit about the nervous system?

  2. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain three parasympathetic effects as well as three sympathetic effects on the body • Agenda: • Guided Notes: Intro to Nervous System • Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Activity • Summary Video • Extension: Coffee • Closing • Homework: • Effects of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Nervous Systems

  3. Guided Notes: Intro to Nervous System Three functions: • Gather stimuli • Integrate stimuli • Generate response Divisions: • Central—brain and spinal cord • Peripheral—all other nerves • Afferent Nerves—gather sensory stimuli • EX: pain, touch, deep pressure, stretch • Efferent Nerves—generate motor response • Somatic System—nerves to skeletal muscles, voluntary • Autonomic System—nerves to cardiac and smooth muscle as well as glands, involuntary • Parasympathetic System—“rest and digest” • Sympathetic System—“fight or flight”

  4. Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Activity • As a class we will discover the parasympathetic nervous system’s “rest and digest” effects on the body as well as the sympathetic nervous system’s “fight or flight” effects on the body. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=41xuS84tYAM

  5. Summary Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m2GywoS77qc

  6. Extension: Coffee • How many people drink coffee? • Which system does coffee stimulate? • How do you know? • Is coffee good or bad for you? • As you watch the following video, make a pros and cons T chart • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lutMjeIIm-w

  7. Closing • Is coffee good or bad for you? • Write a persuasive letter to a friend or family member convincing them that it is either ok or not ok to drink coffee

  8. Warm Up • What is a polygraph? What does a polygraph measure? • Take out homework for Ms. McGowan to check

  9. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain the functions of the 6 parts of a neuron • Agenda: • Review Homework and Discussion of Coffee (10 minutes) • Tomcfad Rap and Discussion of Epipens (7 minutes) • Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy of Nervous System (7 minutes) • Neuron Modeling Activity (20 minutes) • Closing (6 minutes) • Homework: • Color and Label Neuron

  10. Review Parasympathetic vs. Sympathetic Effects T Chart • Follow along as Ms. McGowan reviews your homework • Coffee drinkers: do the effects of coffee sound more similar to the parasympathetic column or the sympathetic column? • What in coffee stimulates this system’s effects?

  11. Tomcfad Summary Video • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N5XnHtklFjI&list=PL47DE6F1B128757BD • What neurotransmitter is responsible for signaling parasympathetic effects? • What neurotransmitter is responsible for signaling sympathetic effects? • How does this make sense with what you know about epipens used to treat allergic reactions? • What body changes occur during allergic reactions? • How does an epipen reverse these dangerous body changes?

  12. Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy Neurons • Dendrites—fibers that receive message • Cell body—contains nucleus and all other organelles except nucleolus • Axon—single fiber that conducts message • Used 1mm diameter squid giant axon to study • Longest in human body is from base of spine to big toe • Axon terminals—end of axon that contains neurotransmitters • Synaptic cleft—gap between neuron axon terminal and next neuron or cell

  13. Guided Notes: Microscopic Anatomy Supporting Cells • Myelin sheath—white fatty insulation wrapped around neurons that speeds signal • Oligodendrocytes—specific cells that form myelin sheath around CNS neurons • Schwann cells—specific cells that form myelin sheath around PNS neurons • Nodes of Ranvier—areas of unmyelinated axon between each myelin sheath • Saltatory conduction—process by which action potential jumps from node to node, speeding signal transmission • Can reach speed of 268 mph compared to only 56 mph in unmyelinated axon

  14. Neuron Modeling Activity • Follow along on your activity sheet to model saltatory conduction with one another as well as model the neuron with pipecleaners and cheerios

  15. Warm Up • The brain and spinal cord have distinct areas of white matter as well as gray matter. Why are certain sections of the brain white while others are gray?

  16. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain the 3 steps of an action potential as well as the 4 steps of signal transmission at the synaptic cleft • Agenda: • Guided Notes: the Action Potential and the Synaptic Cleft with accompanying animations (20 minutes) • Action Potential Modeling Activity (20 minutes) • Closing (5 minutes) • Homework: • Finish Action Potential Modeling Activity

  17. Guided Notes: the Action Potential • Normally: inside of neuron is negative (polarized) with Na+ on outside and K+ on inside • Strong stimuli signals action potential: • All-or-none principle—threshold of excitation is either reached or not reached (travels entire axon or not at all) • Depolarization (cell becomes more positive): Na+ channels open so Na+ rushes into cell • Repolarization (cell becomes more negative): Na+ channels close and K+ channels open so K+ rushes out of cell • Hyperpolarization: (cell becomes more negative than resting potential): K+ channels close and Na+/K+ pump that moves 3Na+ out and 2K+ in restores initial membrane potential • Neuron cannot propagate another signal until membrane potential is restored

  18. Guided Notes: the Synaptic Cleft • Steps: • When action potential reaches axon terminal, Ca2+ rushes in • This signals vesicles of neurotransmitter to fuse with membrane • Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on next cell, transmitting the signal to the next neuron or cell

  19. Guided Notes: Neurotoxins • Na+ channel inhibitors • Sedatives and anesthetics • Tetrodotoxin in pufferfish • Inhibits vesicle release • Botulinum toxin in Botox • Tetanus toxin from bacteria on rusty metal • Blocks receptors • Bungarotoxin in snakes

  20. Action Potential Modeling Activity • Follow the directions on your worksheet to model the flow of Na+ and K+ ions during an action potential using milk chocolate and white chocolate chips • Once you have completed your activity, demonstrate your model for Ms. McGowan

  21. Closing • In the neuron, signal transmits via the action potential. Between neurons, signal transmits via neurotransmitter. Which is electrical? Which is chemical?

  22. Warm Up • Why is it dangerous to eat pufferfish? Be as specific as possible.

  23. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why doctors test reflexes • Agenda: • Action Potential and Synaptic Cleft Animations/Turn in Lab (6 minutes) • Guided Notes: Reflexes (6 minutes) • Reflexes versus Reactions Lab (25 minutes) • Closing (6 minutes) • Homework: • Finish Reflexes versus Reactions Lab • If you will not be here on Friday: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas Readings

  24. Guided Notes: Reflexes • Rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli • Even though involuntary, can be either: • Somatic--affecting skeletal muscles • Autonomic--affecting cardiac or smooth muscles • EX: papillary light reflex, corneal reflex, salivary reflex, gag reflex, patellar jerk reflex, plantar reflex, pain reflexes • Reflex arc—nerve pathway signaling a reflex that contains as little as two neurons • The more neurons involved, the longer it takes the body to respond • Importance: change in a reflex suggests issue with nervous system

  25. Reflexes versus Reactions Lab • Follow the directions on your lab to compare 4 measured reflexes to measured reaction time

  26. Warm Up • Grab a worksheet on Kalyn’s desk

  27. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain how laughing gas affects the nervous system • Agenda: • Reading: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas • Closing • Homework: • Have a fantastic break!

  28. Reading: Giant Squid Axon and Laughing Gas • Read the two articles and answer their respective questions

  29. Warm Up • How does laughing gas affect the nervous system? • Take out your homework for collection

  30. Objective: • SWBAT • Describe one responsibility of the brains 4 lobes and the cerebellum • Agenda: • Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain • Brain Playdough Model • Closing • Homework: • Brain Size and Lateralization Readings • Quiz tomorrow on everything up until now (excluding brain learning from today): divisions, neurons, action potential, synaptic cleft, neurotoxins, reflexes

  31. Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain • Cerebrum: • Gyri—elevated ridges • Sulci—shallow grooves • Fissures—deeper grooves • Lobes: • Frontal—reasoning, planning, emotions, problem-solving • Contains Broca’s area • Broca’s aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)—can understand, but can’t produce speech • Parietal—perception of pain, temperature, and pressure stimuli • Temporal—perception of auditory stimuli, speech, memory • Contains Wernicke’s area • Wernicke’s aphasia (fluent aphasia)—can’t understand, but can produce (random) speech • Occipital—vision • Corpus callosum—connects two cerebral hemispheres

  32. Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Brain • Diencephalon: • Thalamus—relays sensory information • Hypothalamus—homeostasis of body temperature, thirst, and hunger, as well as emotion (pain, pleasure, sex) • Pineal gland—circadian rhythm • Pituitary gland—releases hormones for various functions • Brain stem: • Midbrain • Pons • Medulla Oblongata—heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, vomiting • Cerebellum—balance • Motor homunculus-- visual depictions of the amount of brain devoted to the functioning of various body parts

  33. Aphasia Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4o9La8cn7DI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1aplTvEQ6ew

  34. Brain Playdough Model • Follow along on your worksheet to create a model of the 7 major parts of the brain using playdough

  35. Closing • What two parts of the body make up the most of the sensory and motor homunculi? Why is this?

  36. Warm Up • Are you left brained or right brained? How do you know? • Take out homework for collection as well as yesterday’s lab (if you didn’t finish)

  37. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive • Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after administration • Agenda: • Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • Guided Notes: Spinal Cord and CNS Protection • Mouse Party • Closing • Homework: • Quiz Review Sheet • Study for Quiz on Tuesday

  38. Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41ygrI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

  39. Guided Notes: Anatomy of the Spinal Cord • 17 inches long from foramen magnum to last thoracic vertebrae • Caudaequina—“horse’s tail,” spinal nerves that travel from end of spinal cord through rest of spinal column • Dorsal/ascending pathway—sensory nerves • Ventral/descending pathway—motor nerves • Keep in mind that left brain tends to control right body and right brain tends to control left body

  40. Guided Notes: CNS Protection • Meninges—three layers of connective tissue between skull and brain • Dura mater—most superficial, hard and thin layer • Arachnoid mater—middle, thick space with blood vessels • Pia mater—deepest, flexible and thin layer • Brain specific: • Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—watery cushion in and around brain • Blood-brain barrier—brain contains least permeable capillaries to maintain constant internal environment • However, fat-soluble molecules still readily pass through fatty plasma membrane • CSF and blood vessels interact in arachnoid space

  41. Mouse Party • Using the University of Utah’s Genetics Learning Center, work in groups of 4-5 to complete your worksheet and explain how heroin, ecstasy, marijuana, meth, alcohol, cocaine, and LSD affect the brain

  42. Closing • Why are alcohol and nicotine so addictive?

  43. Warm Up • Why is the middle layer of the meninges termed arachnoid mater or space? • Take out your quiz review for completion points

  44. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive • Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after administration • Agenda: • Quiz Review • Quiz • Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • Mouse Party • Closing • Homework: • Finish Mouse Party

  45. Quiz Review • Follow along as we review your neurons quiz review sheet!

  46. Neurons Quiz • Please put everything away except for a writing utensil • Raise your hand if you have a question during your quiz • Hold on to your quiz when you finish—I will collect them all at once • Good luck!

  47. Phineas Gage and Lobotomy Videos • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c6kRP41ygrI • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk

  48. Mouse Party • Using the University of Utah’s Genetics Learning Center, work in groups of 4-5 to complete your worksheet and explain how heroin, ecstasy, marijuana, meth, alcohol, cocaine, and LSD affect the brain

  49. Warm Up • How did Phineas Gage change after the railroad accident that sent a metal rod through his skull? Why was he affected in this way?

  50. Objective: • SWBAT • Explain why alcohol and nicotine are so addictive • Explain how anesthetics take effect shortly after administration • Explain why expecting mothers are urged to abstain from alcohol and nicotine • Explain why orthostatic hypotension is common in the elderly • Agenda: • Finish Mouse Party • Guided Notes: Development • Application Questions • Closing • Homework: • Brain Quiz Review due Friday • Brain Quiz Friday

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