Grammar. Yayyyyy.

1. Grammar. Yayyyyy. English I. ‘16-’17

2. Brainstorm

3. Eight Parts of Speech • Noun • Pronoun • Verb • Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Preposition 7. Conjunction 8. Interjection

4. Noun • Names a person, place, or thing • Examples: • Pittsburgh Steelers, school, Netflix, friends, Yukon, coffee, computer

5. Pronoun • A word that takes the place of a noun • Example: I, me, she, him, its, theirs/ myself, himself, themselves/ this, that, these, those/ who, whom, whose, which, what/ both, many, anyone, everybody, several, some

6. Verb • Three types of verbs: • Action • Verb that demonstrates action (physical or mental) • Examples: run, fly, sleep, watch, dream • Linking • Attaches the subject of a sentence to the complement • Examples: Sound, taste, appear, become, feel, remain, seem • Auxiliary/Helping • A verb that extends the meaning of the main verb in the sentence • Examples: is, am, are, was, were, being, been, have, has, do, does, did, would, could, should, may, might, must, can, will, shall

7. Modifiers • Adjective • Words that modify, describe, or limit a noun or pronoun • Examples: pretty, smart, funny, pleasant, boring, happy • Adverb • Words that modify, describe, or limit a verb • Examples: angrily, sadly, openly, loudly

8. Prepositions • Relates one word to another

9. Prepositional Phrases • Begins with a preposition and ends with a noun, pronoun, or “object” of preposition • Examples: • At home, in time, from Derek, with me, by chance • Along the busy, six-lane highway • From yesterday’s long football practice • At my favorite book store

10. Conjunctions • A word used to connect clauses or sentences • Remember FANBOYS • F- for • A- and • N- nor • B- but • O- or • Y- yet • S- so Other conjunctions: Although, after, as, before, because, however, when, if, unless

11. Interjection • An exclamation • Examples: wow, ouch, boo, oops, awww, oh my gosh

12. Parts of Sentence Terms • Subject • Predicate/Verb • Complement • Direct Object 5. Indirect Object 6. Predicate Nominative 7. Predicate Adjective

13. Subject • In a complete sentence, every verb has a subject • The subject is who, or what does the verb in the sentence • Helpful tip: • The subject of a sentence will NEVER be part of a prepositional phrase

14. Verb/Predicate • The part of a sentence that contains a verb and states something about the subject

15. Complement (NOT Compliment ☺) • word or group of words that completes the meaning of the sentence • There are three kinds of complements: • Direct Object • Indirect Object • Subject Complements (Predicate Nominative and Predicate Adjective)

16. Complement: Direct Object • Directly receive the verb/action • Answer the question what or whom. • Example: • The students asked many questions. (Asked what?) •  The teacher quickly answered the students. (Answered whom?)

17. Complement: Indirect Object • a noun referring to someone or something that is affected by the action of a verb • Indirect objects come before direct objects • Examples: • My sister usually gave her friends good advice. (Gave to whom?) • Her brother sent the store a heavy package.  (Sent to what?)

18. Complement: Subject Complements • Completes a linkingverband renames the subject • There are two kinds of subject complements: • Predicate Nominative • Predicate Adjective

19. Complement: Predicate Nominative • the noun following a linking verb that restates or stands for the subject. • Example: • She became a teacher. [subject= she; PN=teacher] • For many of us, the fans were an embarrassment. [subject=fans; PN= embarrassment] • They are favorites to win this year. [subject=they; PN= favorites]

20. Complement: Predicate Adjective • an adjective that follows a linking verb and modifies (i.e., refers back to) the subject of the linking verb • Example: • She was tired. [subject= she; PA= tired] • Her lasagna smells delicious. [subject= lasagna; PA= delicious]

21. Curt’s favorite toy is his big truck. • Children grow older every day. • Her costume is strange..

22. Still Confusing? • Memorize the 6-Step process for identifying the parts of sentence

23. Step 1 Read the sentence and circle any basic conjunctions. (and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet) On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart. conjunction

24. Step 2 Place parenthesis around (prepositional phrases). On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart. ( ) conjunction Prepositional phrase

25. Step 3 Look for words that show action and underline the Action Verb twice.  If there is no action verb, look for Linking Verbs – words that connect.  (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)  Don’t forget helping verbs. ( ) On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart. conjunction Action Verb Prepositional phrase

26. Step 4 Ask “who” or “what” is doing the action and underline the subject once. ( ) On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart. conjunction Action Verb Prepositional phrase

27. Step 5 Identify the complement by saying your subject and then verb and then ask “what?” to find… • d.o. (direct object – follows an action verb and answers what) • p.a. (predicate adjective – follows linking and describes) • p.n. (predicate nominative – follows linking and renames) ( ) [ ] On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart. conjunction Action Verb Prepositional phrase Direct Object

28. Step 6 Check for an i.o. (indirect object – only if you have a direct object and answer “for/to whom”) ( ) [ ] On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart. conjunction Action Verb Prepositional phrase Direct Object

29. What do I do with what’s left? Everything else is either an adjective (modifies nouns) or an adverb (modifies verbs, adjectives, and adverbs) ( ) [ ] On July 4th, Kevin Durant and the Warriors broke my heart. conjunction Action Verb Prepositional phrase Adjective Direct Object

30. Let’s Practice By the end of the day, Maddie snapped thirty-eight pictures.  

31. Subject/Verb Agreement NOTE: Appositive Phrases do not affect subject/verb agreement – get rid of them p p Citizens of the country vote. s s The legislature, which has 386 members, is called the National Assembly.

32. Compound Subjects NOTE: Compound Subjects joined by “and” are plural pp The chancellorand his cabinetare going to meet. NOTE: When compound subjects are joined by “or” or “nor,” match the verb with the subject CLOSEST TO THE VERB p p Either Schroeder or the ministersare going to speak.

33. Confusing Subjects NOTE: Some verbs come before the subject; find the subject and make sure it agrees with the verb (Hint: Flip the sentence around in your head so you read the subject first.) pp On the wall areslogans. (Slogans are on the wall.) s s Is the message clear? (The message is clear.)

34. Confusing Subjects NOTE: The words “There” and “Here” are NEVER the subject; find the subject and then say the verb to make sure it agrees (singular or plural) s s There is only one government in Germany. (One government is) p p There are several parties in the government. (Several parties are)

35. Confusing Subjects NOTE: Separate contractions like “There’s” and “Don’t” to see if the verb is singular or plural and make sure it agrees with the Subject. s s There’s my book. p p s p There are my books. NOT There’s my books

36. Confusing Subjects NOTE: Nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning take singular verbs. Social studies has become my favorite subject. NOTE: A title or name of an organization is singular and must have a singular verb. Hard Times is a novel by Charles Dickens. NOTE: A noun expressing an amount or measurement is usually singular and requires a singular verb. Fifty cents is more than enough. Twenty feet was the length of the voting line.

37. Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns do not refer to any person, amount, or thing in particular, HOWEVER they CAN be the subject. Many (was, were) unhappy with British rule of their country. Notoneof the bills (was, were) counterfeit. A fewof the band members (was, were) in uniform.