1. Topographic Mapping • Almost All Surveys Produce Maps • Property Survey • Route Survey • Construction Site Plan • Hydrographic Survey • Topographic Survey • Locates and identifies features • Shows “Relief” – ups and downs of the surface

2. Data Collection • Collect data on features: • Identify X, Y, Z coordinates of points • Baseline Offsets • Stadia Radiation • Collect data on relief • Aerial Photogrammetry • Cross-sectioning

3. Sta 0+97 76’ right Sta 0+72 80’ right Baseline Offsets • Set Baseline • Set end points • Assign stationing • Offsets • Perpendicular to baseline • R or L • Calculate • Coordinates • Elevations Assign Pt. A Sta 0+00

4. 123’ at 37°00’ 108’ at 48°00’ Stadia Radiation • Set Baseline • Record • Azimuth • Distance • Calculate • Coordinates • Elevations

5. Stadia • Indirect Distance Measurement • Can be used to determine • Distance from transit • Elevation difference • Coordinates • Uses Optics of Telescope • Focal Length, f • Spacing of extra cross-hairs, i

6. Stadia Internal Focus: (c + f) = 0 External Focus: (c + f) = 1 ft

7. Stadia Interval f/i = 100 4.27-3.98 = 0.29 0.29*100 = 29 feet Note accuracy: 1 ft

8. Inclined Stadia for small angles, s’ s cos

9. Inclined Stadia Example Given: a = 20°15’ HI = 4.50’ s = 1.62’ Rod reads 4.81’ ElevA = 100.0’

10. Stadia Collection Fig 14-13, Page 270

11. Relief • Requires vertical control – Benchmarks • May be shown by: • Color • Hachures • Contour Lines • Lines of equal elevation • Contour interval • Index contours • Small spacing = steep slope

12. Contours: Lines of Equal Elevation

13. Contour map rules • V = valley • C = hilltop • Smooth, not straight • Can’t simply end • Uniform slopes • Grade  to contour

14. Fig 14-4 Page 260

15. Fitting Contours Fig 14-5, pg 261