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Comprehensive Guide to Word Formation: Affixes, Suffixes, and Compound Structures

Explore the essential aspects of word formation in English with this detailed guide. Learn about prefixes, including negative (dis-, in-, non-), reversible (de-, un-), pejorative (mal-, mis-, pseudo-), and orientational prefixes (anti-, contra-). Delve into suffixes for nouns, adjectives, and verbs, focusing on their various forms and applications. Additionally, discover how compounds function and enhance vocabulary. This resource is ideal for linguistics students and anyone looking to improve their understanding and use of English through word formation techniques.

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Comprehensive Guide to Word Formation: Affixes, Suffixes, and Compound Structures

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  1. SUPPLEMENTARY MATERAILS

  2. WORD FORMATION I affixes • Prefixes 1 negative prefixes（否定前缀) dis- dislike disobey in- (il- ir- im-) injustice impossible illegal irreversible non- non-smoker non-classical un- unwilling unfair

  3. 2 reversible prefixes (可逆，可反转前缀） • 通常后面加V. De- de-compose debus Dis- disunite disallow Un- unhorse unwrap

  4. 3 pejorative prefixes(贬义前缀） Mal- maltreat malpractive Mis- misconduct mistrust Pseudo- pseudo-friend pseudo-science

  5. 4 Prefixes of degree or size Extra- extra-strong Hyper- hyperactive Macro- macrocosm (the universe) Micro- microcomputer Mini- mini-election Out- outlive (比…活得长；比…经久；经受住；渡过…而存在 ) Over- overweight

  6. Sub- subheading (secondary heading) Super- superfreeze Ultra- untra-conservative Under- underdeveloped

  7. 5 prefixes of orientation and attitude Anti- anti-nuclear anti-government Contra(反向）- contraflow Counter- counteract

  8. 6 Locative prefixes • Extra- extraordinary • Fore- forehead forearm • Inter- inter-city (between cities) • Intra- intra-party (within the party) • Tele- 远程的 telecommunication (communication by telephone, radio, television, etc) • Trans- trans-world (across the world) transcontinental

  9. 7 Prefixes of time and order • Ex- ex-professor ex-president • Fore- foretell • Post- post-election • Pre- pre-prepared • Re- reconsider

  10. 8 number prefixes • Bi- bicycle bilingual (concerning two languages) • Multi- multi-purpose • Poly- polysyllable • Semi- semi-naked • Hemi- hemisphere • Tri- tricycle • Uni- uniform unique • Mono- monorail monologue

  11. 9 other prefixes • Auto- automobile • Vice- vice-chairman

  12. suffixes • 1 noun suffixes • 1) denominal nouns • Concrete -eer engineer -er teenager -ess hostess -ette cigarette kitchenette -let booklet

  13. b. abstract -age wastage mileage -ery -ry slavery -hood adulthood -ing farming -ism terrorism -ship sportsmanship

  14. 2) Deverbal nouns • V.+ ( )= n. to denote people -ant assistant informant -ee trainee employee -ent respondent dependent -er, -or, -ar

  15. b. v.+ ( ) = abstract n. to denote action, result, process, state, etc. -age carriage linkage -al dismissal survival -ance attendance performance -ence existence persistence -ing building savings -ment statement judgement -ation –ition –tion –sion –ion

  16. De-adjective nouns • -ity popularity productivity • -ness happiness largeness • -th warmth wealth trueth

  17. Noun and adjective suffixes • -ese Chinese • -an Australian • -ist socialist violinist

  18. Adjective suffixes

  19. n. + ( ) = a. • -ed wooded simple-minded • -ful successful • -ish childish foolish • -less priceless nameless • -like lady-like dreamlike • -ly cowardly friendly • -y smoky bloody • -al (-ial –ical) cultural residential • -ic economic historic • -ous (-eous –ious) courageous marvellous

  20. v. + ( ) = a. • -able (-ible) washable arguable permissible • -ive (-ative –sive) active decisive productive

  21. Adverb suffixes

  22. Adverb suffixes • -ly • -ward(s) homewards downward onward • -wise clockwise

  23. Verb suffixes • -ate originate • -en darken heighten • -fy –ify beautify • -ize –ise modernize symbolize

  24. Compouds

  25. Noun compounds • n + n moon walk end product • n + v toothache frostbite • V + n crybaby tell-tale • A + n deadline blueprint • N + v-ing brainwashing air-conditioning • V-ing + n cleaning lady wading bird • N + v-er stockholder crime reporter

  26. Adv + v outbreak downfall • V + adv sit-in静坐抗议；静坐罢工 have-not • V-ing + adv going-over苛斥；毒打；严格的检查 carrying-on[口语]愚蠢的举动；轻率的行为；丑行；调情

  27. My son is studying computer science. • My daughter is majoring in communication. • My son is studying computer science, and my daughter is majoring in communication.

  28. While Susan was eating the fish, she began to feel sick. • His vision begins to fade. • He knows he’d better get some rest.

  29. The high-blood-pressure pills produced dangerous side effects. • The government banned them.

  30. The boy was in a motorcycle accident. • The boy limps. • The boy who was in a ,limps. • Joan is a champion weight lifter. • Joan is my neighbor.

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