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Unit 1: Scope, History, and Methodology

Unit 1: Scope, History, and Methodology. By: J. Mulder AP Psychology. What is psychology?. Psychology is a science. Definition : the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. Psychology is a science BECAUSE psychologists rely on scientific research methods.

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Unit 1: Scope, History, and Methodology

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  1. Unit 1: Scope, History, and Methodology By: J. Mulder AP Psychology

  2. What is psychology? • Psychology is a science • Definition: the scientific study of behavior and mental processes • Psychology is a science BECAUSE psychologists rely on scientific research methods. • Psychologists study your behavior (the observable things you do) and your mental processes (the unobservable- thoughts, feelings, and dreams)

  3. What is Culture? • Learned (Enculturation) • Shared (Language) • Ideas & Symbols • Patterns of Behavior

  4. Historical Background • Functionalism • Structuralism • Psychoanalytic Perspective • Behaviorism

  5. Structuralism Birth of Psychology • 1879 Wilhelm Wundt “father of psychology” • Creates 1st psychological research lab Structuralism • Developed by E.B. Titchener • Goal: To understand the structure of conscious experiences by analyzing the intensity, clarity, and quality of its basic parts. • Used scientific method to gather information about consciousness.

  6. Structuralism • What is the intensity of the grasses green color? • The clarity of the texture? • The quality of the shape and size?

  7. Functionalism Functionalism • Developed by William James -> 1890 • Goal: To study the functions of consciousness / ways the consciousness helps people adapt to their environment. • Uses the scientific method to gather information.

  8. Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalysis • Developed by Sigmund Freud -> 1900 • Goal: Understand how unconscious drives and conflicts contribute to abnormal behavior. • Relied on personal observation and reflection instead of experimentation.

  9. Behaviorism Behaviorism • Developed by John Watson -> 1913 • Goal: To study observable behavior in an objective matter. • Thought that the studying of the consciousness of of little value. • Focused on scientific experimentation and measurable outcomes. • Most dominant perspective of the 20th c.

  10. Modern Approaches • Biological • Evolutionary • Psychodynamic • Behavioral • Cognitive • Humanistic • Social-Cultural

  11. Biological Approach(AKA Neuroscience) • Assumes that behavior and mental processes are largely shaped by biological processes. • The brain • Hormones • Other chemicals • Genetics • Nervous System

  12. Evolutionary Approach • Assumes that the behavior of animals and humans today is the result of evolution though natural selection. • Inherited, adaptive, aspects of behavior.

  13. Psychodynamic Approach • Assumes that our behavior and mental processes reflect constant, and mostly unconscious, psychological struggles within us. • Rooted in Freud’s Theories

  14. Behavioral Approach • Assumes that human behavior is determined mainly by what a person has learned, especially from rewards and punishments. • Associated with John Watson and B.F. Skinner • Ignores EVERYTHING but what is observable!

  15. Cognitive Approach • Focuses on how the brain takes in information, creates perceptions, forms and retrieves memories, processes information, and generates integrated patterns of actions. • How does it get from out there ->brain -> back out there.

  16. Humanistic Approach • Views behavior as controlled by decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world. • Emphasizes individual potential for growth.

  17. Social-Cultural Approach • Views behavior as controlled by different situations and cultural attitudes. • This is becoming a very important approach in are shrinking global society.

  18. Anger

  19. What YOU need to know! • The approaches are important to know. You will see them appear many times throughout this course. • They can however be difficult to manage when thinking about psychological issues. • For most of the content in this course, we will use the levels of analysis to view psychological problems

  20. Three Main Levels of Analysis • The three levels of analysis offer complementary outlooks. • Often looking at a problem from one outlook does offer a complete solution. BIOLOGICAL COGNITIVE Behavior / Mental Processes SOCIAL-CULTURAL

  21. Cognitive Influences • learned fears and other learnt expectations • emotional responses • cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations Biological influences • genetic predispositions • genetic mutations • natural selection of adaptive physiology and behaviors • genes responding to environment Behavior or mental process Social-cultural Influences • presence of others • cultural, societal, and family expectations • peer and other group influences • compelling models (such as media) Levels of Analysis Approach(Biopsychosocial Approach)

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