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Religious Wars in Europe: A Century of Conflict and Crisis

Explore the religious wars between Catholics and Protestants in Europe during the 16th century, including the struggles for power, political unity, and religious tolerance. Discover the key players and events that shaped this tumultuous period in European history.

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Religious Wars in Europe: A Century of Conflict and Crisis

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  1. AP European History Chapter 12 Chapter 5: A Century of Conflict & Crisis

  2. Religious Wars? • “To kill a man is not to defend doctrine, but to kill a man” • Wars of Religion : • Conflict between Catholics & Protestants • Political struggle for power

  3. Peace of Augsburg, 1555 • A region’s ruler determines the religion of the land

  4. Struggles of the 16th Century • 1st half of 1500’s – Lutherans & Zwinglians struggled to secure rights & freedoms • 2nd half of 1500’s – Calvinists Sought recognition

  5. “Politiques” • In the midst of religious strife, these rulers stressed: • 1. Political Unity • 2. Compromise • 3. Toleration or indifference in religious matters

  6. Most Successful “Politique” • Queen Elizabeth I

  7. Contrary to “Politiques” • Intolerant Rulers of the 16th century: • Mary I, England “Bloody Mary” • King Phillip II of Spain • Oliver Cromwell , England (chapter 13)

  8. In France, • Catholics and Protestants engaged in a civil war for power during the mid 1500’s.

  9. French Protestants • were known as “Huguenots” • were Calvinist • By 1560, Huguenots made up 1/15th of entire population

  10. 40% of French Nobility Embraced Calvinism • the French Huguenot Nobility sought: • 1. Rebellion against monarchy • 2. Political Power • Majority Resided in: Dauphine, Languedoc regions

  11. October 18, 1534 • Protestants plastered Paris with anti- Catholic flyers • Mass arrests ensued • John Calvin driven to exile • 1540 Edict of Fontainbleau= subjected French Protestants to the inquisition

  12. French Conflict Began When… • Catholic French King Henry II Valois (R. 1547-1559) died in jousting accident (1559) • a lance pierced his visor… • Pierced left eye, thru brain, out right ear 

  13. The Struggle for Power In France • Henry II’s Sickly 15 year old son Francis II inherited the throne • He died a year later… • Henry II’s Widow, Catherine de’ Medici acted as Queen Regent • Until younger sons were old enough to rule

  14. French Line of Succession King Henry II of France died in 1559. Catherine de’ Medici named “Regent” until sons were old enough to rule. Their Son Henry III became King in 1574. He died in 1589. Henry of Navarre (Bourbon family) Declared himself King Henry IV in 1589.

  15. Catherine de Medici’s Contribution to the Arts in France • https://ed.ted.com/lessons/the-origins-of-ballet-jennifer-tortorello-and-adrienne-westwood • TED ED, “ The Origins of Ballet”

  16. French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) • 3 Powerful Families Saw Opportunity and fought for Control of France: • 1. The Bourbons (Huguenots or French Protestants) • 2. The Montmorency-Chatillons (Huguenots or French Protestants) • 3. The Guises (Extreme Catholics)

  17. Catherine de’ Medici • Her Father was grandson of Lorenzo the Magnificent (Medici!) • At first she sought an alliance with Protestant Huguenots • Why? 2/5ths of nobles were Huguenots

  18. Catherine de Medici Signed The… • January Edict, 1562 • And Granted Protestants • 1. freedom to worship publicly outside of towns • 2. privately within them

  19. Catherine de Medici as a Politique • Tried to reconcile Catholic and Protestant Factions in France • Although Catholic, was tolerant of Huguenots for political reasons

  20. Duke of Guise (Catholic Guise Family) • Massacred Protestant worshippers In 1562 • In Champagne • This event marked the beginning of the French Wars of Religion

  21. Catherine Feared The Guises • Would the Guise family try to overthrow Catherine de Medici if she didn’t ally herself with them?

  22. Political Intrigue… • The Huguenot Henry of Navarre (Bourbon Family) • Married Marguerite of Valois (Catholic)– Catherine de Medici’s sister in law!!! • August 20th, 1572 • Marriage meant to reconcile Huguenots and Catholics

  23. In a Panic, Catherine de Medici • Cemented her alliance with the Catholic extremists, the Guise Family

  24. St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • August 24, 1572 • 3,000 Huguenots slaughtered in Paris • 20,000 Huguenots killed across France

  25. Catherine & Guises • Planned the assassination of • Coligny, Protestant military leader • Coligny died during St. Bartholomew’s massacre

  26. Henry III – Son of Henry II & Catherine de Medici • (r. 1574-1589) • Inherited French Throne & Civil War • He was Catholic • The Peace of Beaulieu, 1576 • Granted Huguenots almost complete religious freedom

  27. Henry III Changed His Mind! • 1577 dissolved Peace of Beaulieu ! • He gave into political pressure of the Catholic League

  28. Henry of Navarre • Protestant leader & a legal, alternative heir to the throne • Bourbon Family (Huguenot)

  29. The 2 Henry’s Joined Forces • Henry III Created alliance with Henry of Navarre against Guises & Catholic League • Then Henry III was killed…by a Priest!

  30. Henry of Navarre Declared Himself King of France (1589)! • Became “Henry IV” • Well Liked by people • Preached tolerance • Was a Huguenot • Was perceived as Humble • “politique”

  31. Shocking Announcement! • On July 25th, 1593 Henry IV • ABANDONED the Protestant Faith!! • Converted to Catholicism ! • “Paris is worth a mass” – Henry IV

  32. Regarding Henry IV’s Conversion • Huguenots were horrified • Catholics were skeptical

  33. Henry IV’S Illegitimate Children • “Ladies Man” • 1. Gabrielle d’ Estrees- 3 children! • 2. Henriette de Balzac – 2 children! • 3. Jacqueline de Bueil – 1 child (she married someone else already pregnant) • 4. Charlotte des Essarts – 2 children

  34. Edict of Nantes, 1598 • 1. Huguenots gained freedom of public worship • 2. Right of assembly • 3. Admission to public Universities • 4. Permission to Maintain fortified towns • France allowed religious pluralism in order to maintain peace.

  35. Henry IV Assassinated, 1610 • Legacy- Trying to establish religious truce • His Edict of Nantesrecognized minority religious rights for Huguenots • Catholicism remained the official religion in France after his death

  36. Phillip II (r. 1556-1598) of Spain • Son of Charles V • Grandson of Juana la Loca & Felipe el Hermoso • Great Grandson of Isabella & Ferdinand • Goal: to consolidate lands he inherited

  37. Phillip II of Spain’s World: • Spain, the Americas, Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, possessions in Italy and the Netherlands • Believed conformity to Catholicism within his empire was necessary to establish political power.

  38. The Netherlands (Holland) • 1. Wealthy – trade rich ports, commercial cities (Antwerp) • 2. Diverse • 3. Independent • 4. Tolerant of various faiths • 5. were divided into 17 provinces and operated with political autonomy

  39. Revolt in the “Spanish” Netherlands • Phillip II of Spain • Placed his ½ sister • Margaret of Parma as regent (ruler) of the Netherlands

  40. Dutch Opposition to Spanish Rule • Phillip II & Margaret • Imposed decrees of the Council of Trent • Dutch unhappy • 1564 the Compromise- opposition to Spanish rule: • pledged to resist decrees of Council of Trent, Inquisition

  41. Enter William of Orange…

  42. William of Orange (1533-1584) • “The Silent” • Emerged as leader of independence movement in Netherlands • Was Catholic- then Lutheran- then Calvinist

  43. 1566 Calvinist Riots in The Netherlands • Calvinists vs. Catholics • People of Netherlands asked German Lutherans & French Huguenots for help • Phillip II Sent Duke of Alba & his army of 10,000 to quell revolt

  44. As Punishment… • Phillip II of Spain • Raised taxes in the Netherlands • Persecuted Protestants

  45. Resistance • William of Orange led independence movement • Enlisted help of anti Spanish group “Sea Beggars” too invade northern ports

  46. Other Forms of Protest Against Spanish Rule in the Netherlands • Dutch sabotaged their own dikes & flooded country in 1574 !

  47. Spanish Mercenaries (Soldiers) • Looted & killed people of Antwerp 1576 • Antwerp was Europe's wealthiest commercial city • 7,000 dead • “Spanish Fury” • As a result…

  48. Unification! • 10 Catholic provinces (Belgium) and • 7 Protestant Northern Provinces (Netherlands) • United against SPANISH rule

  49. Pacification of Ghent • Officially Unified “The Netherlands” in 1576

  50. Phillip II Declared William of Orange “An Outlaw” • placed a price on his head  • Spain continued to fight over the Netherlands until 1580’s • William of Orange

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