Never be afraid to share your dreams with the world, because there ’ s nothing the world loves more than the taste of br

1. Never be afraid to share your dreams with the world, because there’s nothing the world loves more than the taste of broken dreams. www.despair.com

2. 1650 1660 1640 1690 1670 1680 1700 London Fire (1666) Eng. Civ. Wars end (1648) England Stuart monarchy restored (1661) Plague hits London (1665) Glorious Revolution (1688) Eng. Civ. Wars begin (1642) Cromwell’s dictatorship (1649-58) James II Begins reign (1685) War of League of Augsburg (1688-97) 3rd Anglo- Dutch Naval War (1672-4) 2nd Anglo-Dutch Naval War (1665-7) 1st Anglo Dutch- Naval War (1652-4) Dutch Republic William III Marries Mary Stuart (1674) War of Sp. Succession (1700-13) Dutch indep. (1648) France 30 Yrs. War ends (1648) Mazarin dies & Louis XIV begins his active reign (1661) War of League of Augsburg (1688-97) Louis XIII dies & Mazarin’s Regency begins (1643) Louis XIV dies (1715) Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes (1685) Dutch War 1672-8) Fronde (1648-53) N. War b/w Sweden, Prussia & Poland (1655-60) Fred-Wm The Great Elector Starts his reign (1640) War of Sp. Succession (1700-13) Prussia Fred-Wm the Great Elector Dies (1688) Austria 30 Yrs. War ends (1648) War of League of Augsburg (1688-97) Turks besiege Vienna -> start of War of Holy League vs. Turks (1683) Peter the Great dies (1725) War of Holy League ends (1699) Russia “Time of Troubles” (1598-1614) Great N.War vs. Sweden (1700-21) Peter I’s Great Embassy (1697)

3. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Austria gains Slavonia, Transylvania, & rest of Hungary, making it a great power once again Severe long-range problems for the Hapsburgs: Powerful nobles who oppress the serfs & threaten Hapsb. power Many different ethnic groups & cultures dividing the empire Different states with different constitutional rights & obligations Hapsburgs try to unify them by imposing Ger. lang. & Catholic religion on their subjects Hapsburgs rule each state separately to prevent different provinces from uniting to revolt Hapsburgs let nobles continue to oppress serfs as long as they don’t interfere with Hapsburg policies Rising resentment by the various ethnic groups who want freedom from Austria Backward social structure & agric. econ. Austria lags progressively further behind W. Europe Helped prevent revolts, but also kept Hapsburgs from uniting & ruling their empire effectively Competition from W. Eur. (FC.89) Geopolitics of E. Europe (FC.89) Economic stagnation & ethnic unrest which get esp. serious in 1800s (FC.118)

4. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) Severe long-range problems for the Hapsburgs: Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Hapsburgs let nobles oppress serfs as long as they don’t interfere with Hapsburg policies  Backward ec. & soc. structure Powerful nobles who oppress the serfs & threaten Hapsb. power Different states with different constitutional rights & obligations Many different ethnic groups & cultures dividing the empire Hapsburgs try to unify them by imposing Ger. lang. & Catholic religion on their subjects Growing resentment Hapsburgs rule each state separately to prevent different provinces from uniting to revolt  Disunified empire After defeat of Turks at siege of Vienna, Austria forms Holy League  Defeat Turks& take much of SE Eur. Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Economic stagnation & ethnic unrest which get esp. serious in 1800s (FC.118)

6. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) Ottoman Empire at this time?

7. FC.49 THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (c.1565-1918) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's Influx of silver & gold from Americas Janissaries get soft & lazy Ottomans fail to keep up with new fortress & military technology & revival of Roman drill & march being used in Eur. No major provinces or sources of revenue added after Suleiman I’s death in 1565 Emp. too big to launch wars across far flung frontiers Rapid Inflation Empire starts to experience problems: Ottomans lose monopoly on spice trade Lose revenues Econ. decline of Ottoman Emp. Military & econ. decline of Turkish feudal cavalry who relied for survival on plunder from new conquests Steady political & economic decay of the Ottoman Empire until its demise in 1919 after World War I Revolts  Empire further disrupted Sultans get soft & lazy Ottomans dominate Mid-East & E. Mediterranean by 1565 (FC.48) Spanish Emp. In Americas (FC.80) Portuguese Emp. in SE Asia (FC.81) Major milit. defeats vs. Austria in1600s (FC.91) Eventual emergence of modern Arab nations (FC.144) Foundation of modern Turkey by Kemal Atatturk in 1921 (FC.128) Influx of Jewish settlers after WWII  Found israel in 1948 (FC.144)

8. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive Condition of Hapsburg Austria in 1650s?

9. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Aggressive neighbor to the east?

10. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Shape of Ottoman Empire?

11. FC.49 THE DECLINE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE (c.1565-1918) Ottomans dominate Mid-East & E. Mediterranean by 1565 (FC.48) Empire starts to experience problems: Sultans get soft & lazy Emp. too big to launch wars across far flung frontiers Janissaries get soft & lazy Spanish Emp. In Americas (FC.81) Portuguese Emp. in SE Asia (FC.82) No major provinces or sources of revenue added after Suleiman I’s death in 1565 Influx of silver & gold from Americas Ottomans lose monopoly on spice trade Rapid Inflation Lose revenues Econ. decline of Ottoman Emp. Military & econ. decline of Turkish feudal cavalry who relied for survival on plunder from new conquests  Revolts Ottomans fail to keep up with new fortress & military technology & revival of Roman drill & march being used in Eur. Major milit. defeats vs. Austria in1600s (FC.90) Steady political & economic decay of the Ottoman Empire until its demise in 1919 after World War I Eventual emergence of modern Arab nations (FC.128) Foundation of modern Turkey by Kemal Atatturk in 1921 (FC.128) Influx of Jewish settlers after WWII  Found israel in 1948 (FC.146.1)

12. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Problems a stable frontier presented the Ottomans?

13. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression Hapsburg policy after 1650? Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88)

14. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression Hapsburgs concentrate vs. Ottoman Empire What diverted them? Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany

15. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Hapsburg Emperor?

16. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany

17. A coin of Leopold I dated 1677, showing Leopold with the distinctive Hapsburg chin on the obverse and the double headed eagle, symbol of the house of Hapsburg, on the reverse

18. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany One advantage he had?

19. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany

20. Piccolomini & Prince Eugene of Savoy, two of Leopold’s ablest generals.

21. Raimund Fürst Montecuccoli,(left) the general who caught and defeated the Turks at the battle of the Raba River in 1664. The tighter control Leopold exerted over Hungary after this battle upset a number of Hungarian nobles who, led by Emmerich Imre Thököly von Késmark (below), rebelled against Hapsburg rule in 1678 and called in the Turks. This eventually led to the Turkish invasion and siege of Vienna in 1683.

22. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski

23. Tatar invaders moving with their prisoners across a river

24. Anti-Turkish propaganda, such as this 17th century print, played up (and exaggerated) the atrocities committed by the Turks. Below horsetail badges denoting the rank of a Turkish soldier

25. An overview of how Vienna probably looked in the 1600s

26. Since the Turks brought no heavy siege artillery, they had to rely on undermining Vienna’s walls by digging a system of trenches that snaked their way up to the city.

27. On September 2-3, the Turks breached the Burg ravelin. On September 9, their miners demolished one face of the Lowell Bastion, setting the stage for one final assault. However, three days later, Jan Sobieski’s army relieved the city before they could exploit this breach. Lowell Bastion

33. The final defeat of the Turks at Vienna by the relief army led by the Polish king, Jan Sobieski (right).

34. Charge of the Polish winged hussars at Vienna (1683). They suffered such heavy losses from Janissary gunfire that they were disbanded soon afterwards.

35. A short history of pastries After the siege, Viennese bakers celebrated their victory by concocting a new crescent-shaped roll, the croissant, to mock the crescent moon on the Turkish flag. Thus two sieges of Vienna (in 1529 and 1683) combined to give us coffee and croissants, a good tasting part of a nutritious (if fictional) breakfast.

36. The history of pastries didn’t start there, however. In the middle ages, “waffles of forgiveness” were sold outside of churches. In Paris, certainly one of the spiritual homes of pastries, bakers, in order to keep them on the job, weren’t supposed to wear pants six days a week, although it was probably more to ensure the supply of bread rather than bon bons. Notice how the French baker below hides his shame behind a basket of croissants.

37. When the Spanish first encountered chocolate in the New World, they kept it so secret that when Dutch pirates captured a Spanish ship, they dumped its cargo of cacao beans, thinking they were sheep droppings.

38. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini • ******** Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski

39. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697)

40. In 1687, while besieging the city, a Venetian shell hit the Parthenon, which the Turks were using to store their gunpowder. the resulting explosion was responsible for most of the damage the Parthenon has sustained in its long history. The reason they were using the Parthenon was that, a few years before, they had stored their gunpowder in a nearby building on the Acropolis, the Propylaea, until lightning hit it and detonated their suupply. Therefore, they moved their explosives to slightly higher ground.

41. On September 9, 1697 the Imperial Army led by Prince Eugène caught an Ottoman army, led by Sultan Mustafa II, as it was crossing the Tisza River on a pontoon bridge. The Turks suffered a devastating defeat, 25,000 of them supposedly being killed or drowned, compared to only 430 dead and 1,600 wounded Austrian soldiers.

42. In Skladanie’s Surrender of the Standards Jan Sobieski accepts the surrender of Turkish standards during the War of the Holy League

43. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697) Treaty & Terms?

44. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Austria gains Slavonia, Transylvania, & rest of Hungary, making it a great power once again

46. In 1825, after generations of Janissaries making themselves trouble for the Ottomans, the sultan had his army surround and kill the Janissaries in the cisterns below Istanbul.

47. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Social structure? Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Austria gains Slavonia, Transylvania, & rest of Hungary, making it a great power once again Severe long-range problems for the Hapsburgs: Powerful nobles who oppress the serfs & threaten Hapsb. power Many different ethnic groups & cultures dividing the empire Different states with different constitutional rights & obligations

48. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Cultural & ethnic unity? Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Austria gains Slavonia, Transylvania, & rest of Hungary, making it a great power once again Severe long-range problems for the Hapsburgs: Powerful nobles who oppress the serfs & threaten Hapsb. power Many different ethnic groups & cultures dividing the empire Different states with different constitutional rights & obligations

49. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Administrative unity? Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Austria gains Slavonia, Transylvania, & rest of Hungary, making it a great power once again Severe long-range problems for the Hapsburgs: Powerful nobles who oppress the serfs & threaten Hapsb. power Many different ethnic groups & cultures dividing the empire Different states with different constitutional rights & obligations

50. FC. 90 THE RESURGENCE OF HAPSBURG AUSTRIA (c.1650-1800) • Ottoman Decline after 1565 • Turkey: poor sultans, undisc. • army, backward milit. tech., • inflation, rev's • Hungary the battleground • w/stable frontier of fort's •  No new conquests & very • expensive • 1656- Energetic viziers, Koprulus •  Renewed Ottoman aggression • Leopold I (1657-1705) • - Trained by Jesuits •  Diligent, but also intolerant • Served ably by such foreign • gen’ls as Eugene of Savoy & • Piccolomini Aggressive foreign policy by Louis XIV of France (FC.95) Decline of Ottoman Empire (FC.49) Defeat in 30 Yrs War (FC.88) Hapsburgs concentrate vs. the Ottoman Empire, although they are constantly diverted by French aggression in Germany Turkish invasion & siege of Vienna (1683) is decisively defeated by relief army under Polish king Jan Sobieski War of the Holy League (Pope, Austria, Venice, Poland, & Russia)  Turkish forces are crushed at Zenta (1697) Treaty of Karlowitz (1699) Austria gains Slavonia, Transylvania, & rest of Hungary, making it a great power once again Severe long-range problems for the Hapsburgs: Powerful nobles who oppress the serfs & threaten Hapsb. power Many different ethnic groups & cultures dividing the empire Different states with different constitutional rights & obligations