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Satellite Remote Sensing of Aviation Hazards

Satellite Remote Sensing of Aviation Hazards. Gary P. Ellrod , CCM* NOAA/NESDIS-retired Granby, CT. * AMS Certified Consulting Meteorologist. Outline. Current capabilities of satellite data Fog and low clouds Inflight icing Turbulence Thunderstorms (initiation, convective gusts)

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Satellite Remote Sensing of Aviation Hazards

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  1. Satellite Remote Sensing of Aviation Hazards Gary P. Ellrod , CCM* NOAA/NESDIS-retired Granby, CT * AMS Certified Consulting Meteorologist Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  2. Outline • Current capabilities of satellite data • Fog and low clouds • Inflight icing • Turbulence • Thunderstorms (initiation, convective gusts) • Volcanic ash • Future improvements (GOES-R) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  3. U.S. Weather Satellites • Polar (low orbit) (NOAA-18 / METOP-A) • 1 km resolution • 4 looks per day • 6 channels • Geostationary (GOES-11/12) • 4 km IR, 1 km visible • 15-30 min frequency • 5 channel Imager • 19 channel Sounder (10 km), hourly over CONUS Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  4. Nighttime Fog Detection Using GOES Multi-spectral Image Data Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  5. Fog in the Northeast: 14 June 2001 Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  6. GOES Low Cloud Base Product • Based on GOES 11mm-3.9 mm and surface minus GOES cloud top temperatures (now available on AWIPS) Red areas show where cloud bases <1000 ft are likely, green areas > 1000 ft, blue are cirrus clouds.

  7. Fog Depth Estimates • Estimates of fog depth also possible based on 11mm-3.9 mm temperature difference (to forecast burn off time) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  8. Snow and Fog Using Visible Imagery Snow Snow Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  9. Fog Discrimination with 3.9mm Imagery Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  10. GOES Icing Risk Product • Multi-channel threshold technique • Merged with Sounder cloud top heights • Product available hourly day and night • Strengths • Good spatial, temporal coverage • Good POD (~50-75%), low FAR (~25%) • Weaknesses • Obscuration by high clouds • Unable to distinguish SLD regions Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  11. GOES Combined Icing + Cloud Tops (‘ICECAP’)Available at: http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/opdb/aviation/icg.html Icing intensity (3=mod, 4=mod/sev), aircraft type, altitude (feet)

  12. Jet Stream GOES Water Vapor + IR Winds Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  13. GOES-12 IR, 13 Nov 2003 Mountain Waves GOES-12 WV, 13 Nov 2003 Detection of Mountain Waves Using Water Vapor Imagery Low and mid-Tropospherice waves can be seen in GOES 6.7 mm water Vapor imagery, but not in IR or visible Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  14. Total Column Ozone from GOES Sounder Stratospheric Intrusion Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  15. Convective Initiation • Critical for air traffic management • GOES Visible Imagery Applications (boundary interactions, stability, etc) • Stability and moisture Products from Sounder (Lifted Index, PW, Cinh) • Automated Nowcast Products • Convective Initiation (UW-CIMSS and U. of Alabama-Huntsville) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  16. Convective Initiation (CI) Product(U. of Ala-Huntsvile/ U. of Wisconsin CIMSS) • Uses satellite parameters to identify convective clouds: • IR temp. change • WV - IR temp. difference • Cloud motion vectors to advect developing clouds, produce nowcast CI valid 2000Z, 4 May 2003 Radar, 2100Z, 4 May 2003

  17. * Wet Microburst Severity Index • Uses GOES Sounder retrieval data • Based on instability and vertical distribution of moisture (CAPE, dθe/dz) • Correlates well with observed peak surface wind gusts WMSI > 200 indicates wind gusts > 65 knots possible. 85 knot gusts were reported at Patuxent River, Maryland at 2100 UTC (*). Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  18. Composite “Split Window” ImageryMt. Spurr, Sept. 1992, NOAA-AVHRR (Schneider et al 1992)

  19. International Warning System (VAACs) Established by International Civil Aeronautical Organization (ICAO) in mid-1990’s Volcanically active regions source: Smithsonian Inst.

  20. Technology OutlookOperational Spacecraft • Near-Term • GOES-N (launched May 2006) through P • Improved navigation, power to operate through satellite eclipse (Spring, Fall) • Mid-Long Term • NPOESS VIIRS imager (NPP prototype launch in 2010) • Twenty-two bands at 370 to 740 m resolution • Includes day/night visible Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  21. Technology OutlookOperational Spacecraft • Long-Term • GOES-R Advanced Baseline Imager (2015) • Sixteen spectral bands • Resolution: 0.5 km visible, 2 km IR • Five minute CONUS, 15 min Full Disk • GOES-R Lightning Mapper • GOES Hyper-spectral Sounder - ???? • Hyper-spectral capabilities, hourly global coverage • Good resolution (4 km horizontal, ~1 km vertical) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  22. GOES-R GOES-I/P 1/5 Disc Full Disc ABI Improvements 5 Minute Coverage ABI covers the earth approximately five times faster than the current Imager.

  23. Imager Coverage in ~30 minutes Full Disk N. Hemisphere CONUS Mesoscale

  24. IR Resolution – ABI versus GOES-12 Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  25. Use of 1.6 mm “Near-IR” on ABI 1.6 mm

  26. Simulated GOES-R Fog ImageBased on AVHRR IR (3.7 mm and 11.0 mm) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  27. GOES-R Icing Product (NASA LARC) Explicit parameters from GOES (droplet size, liquid Water path) can estimate Potential icing severity

  28. Simulated Water Vapor Imagery (Low, Mid, High) on ABI Observed GOES-12 Band 3 (6.5 micron) Simulated ABI Band 9 (7.0 micron) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  29. Automated Turbulence Detection – GOES-R Water Vapor(U. of Wisconsin – CIMSS) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  30. Simulated GOES-R Ash ImageBased on MODIS IR, Near-IR, Visible Channels • Volcanic ash (red) • Composite of 8.5, 11, 12mm channels • Land (green) • Near-IR (1.6mm) • Ocean/ice clouds (blue) • Visible (0.6mm) Popocatepetl, 20 Dec 2000, 1715 UTC Based on data from Terra MODIS Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  31. Geostationary Lightning Mapper (GLM) • Detects total strikes: in cloud, cloud to • Day/night total lightning (in cloud, intra-cloud, and cloud to ground) • Compliments today’s land based systems that only measures cloud to ground (about 15% of the total lightning) • Increased coverage over oceans and land • Currently no ocean coverage, and limited land coverage in dead zones Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  32. NASA Marshall Space Flight Center http://thunder.nsstc.nasa.gov/lms/ Example from Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) Supercell Storm Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  33. Temperature Moisture Simulations of Low vs High Spectral Resolution RetrievalsGeo-I gets <1 K rms for 1 km T(p) and <10% rms for 2 km RH(p) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  34. Capability: Vertical Profiling BT(K) Hyperspectral sounder on geo will provide rapid observations need to monitor hurricane eye temperature anomaly, which is a surrogate measurement of hurricane intensity AIRS alone moisture AIRS alone temperature Eye Eye Temperature and moisture cross section along AIRS scan line 119, demonstrating profiling capability, but AIRS does not provide the monitoring requirement BT(K) Analysis courtesy of Jun Li, CIMSS.

  35. Summary • Satellite remote sensing is critical in providing needed observations to support aviation warnings and forecasts • Future instruments will provide excellent opportunities for improved products • Much work is needed to fully utilize future deluge of high quality data! Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  36. Internet Resources: • GOES Aviation Products (Imager and Sounder) • http://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/smcd/opdb/aviation/(NESDIS) • http://weather.msfc.nasa.gov/goesprod/ (NASA GHCC) • http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/NEXSAT.html (NRL-Monterey) • GOES-R Information • http://www.goes-r.gov/(GOES Program Office) • http://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/goes_r/(UW-CIMSS) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

  37. Acknowledgments • Slides obtained from: • Brian Motta (COMET) • Ken Pryor (NESDIS) • Tim Schmit (NESDIS) • William Smith, Jr. (NASA) • Anthony Wimmers (UW-CIMSS) • Kris Bedka (UW-CIMSS) Aviation Weather Users Workshop, Nov 18-19, 2008 Islip/Macarthur Airport, NY

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