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The Age of Absolute Monarchs 1649-1763

The Age of Absolute Monarchs 1649-1763. Absolutism . Absolutism – means to have complete authority over the government and the lives of the people in their nation. In other words, the King or Queen could do whatever they wanted. Give an example of a law an absolute monarch would make.

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The Age of Absolute Monarchs 1649-1763

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  1. The Age of Absolute Monarchs1649-1763

  2. Absolutism • Absolutism – means to have complete authority over the government and the lives of the people in their nation. • In other words, the King or Queen could do whatever they wanted. • Give an example of a law an absolute monarch would make.

  3. Divine Right • Jacques-Benigne Bossuet was a French bishop who advocated the theory of political absolutism. • He made the argument that government was divine and that kings received their power from God.

  4. Divine Right • Divine Right states that a monarch (king/queen) is in power because God wanted them to be in power. Kings and queens argued that anyone who attempted to challenge their power was going against the will of God.

  5. Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan • Philosopher that argued that humans are naturally wicked and need a STRONG leader to maintain order • Wrote the Leviathan to support ideas of absolutism.

  6. Louis XIV of France “The Sun King” What does the Heliocentric theory state?

  7. Absolute Ruler = Louis XIV TOTAL CONTROL • Louis XIV of France: • Known as “The Sun King” “I prefer fame above all else, even life itself…” • Claimed “Divine Right” – God have him complete control over his people

  8. Louis XIV • Why was France so wealthy? • Colonies were established in Canada for raw materials • Mercantilism was the basis of their economy

  9. French Arts and Culture • Louis XIV promoted: • Opera • Ballet • Theatre • Literature – by giving pensions to writers and ordered them to sing his praises… • what does this mean? A costume design for Louis XIV as The Rising Sun, from the final entrée of Le Ballet de la Nuit (1653).

  10. Inside the Palace of Versailles • Louis XIV kept those around him in check by making the nobles dependent on their ability to please him… • He made the nobles live with him at Versaillesand request all money directly. • It was the greatest honor for a noble to be beside the king in his bathroom chamber…Why?

  11. Louis XIV- Extravagance • Held Extravagant parties at Versailles (his palace) • And • His costly wars left France in debt

  12. Palace of Versailles

  13. Who Pays for Extravagance? • Louis XIV put heavy taxes on the lower class • There was social unrest among the starving peasants • Heaviest burden fellon the 3rd Estate. In Latin, reads “Louis XIV, Thanks be to God.”

  14. Louis XIV- Popularity Declined • At the time of his death, he was greatly disliked by the people of France. • The French monarchy would not survive much after his death in 1715…

  15. Peter the Great Czar of Russia17th-18th Century

  16. What does this painting Suggest about Peter’s Authority? He had DIVINE RIGHT Louis XIV  Peter the Great 

  17. Before Peter the Great.. • What group of people ruled Russia for hundreds of years before Peter the Great and his predecessors (The Ivans)? • THE MONGOLS • Effects of their rule: • “Golden Horde” burned Kiev (capital) • Kept Russia isolated for hundreds of years • = fallen behind technologically, economically • Set precedent of strong authoritarian rulers • (setting stage for czars and dictators)

  18. Timeline • Mongol Rule – 1200s –1400s • Ivan III: 1462-1505 • Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV) • Centralized royal power • Introduced Russia to extreme absolute power • Harsh ruling style and fits of violence earned him the title “Ivan the Terrible • Peter the Great: 1682-1752 • Catherine the Great: 1762 - 1796

  19. Peter’s Goals • Wanted to modernize Russia • He traveled to Western European cities to study western technology • South to westernize Russia (copy the ways of the west

  20. Westernizing Russia • South to westernize Russia (copy the ways of the west (w. Europe) • Simplified alphabet • Developed mining and textiles • Had men cut their beards and shave like the Europeans • Built a new capital at St. Petersburg

  21. St. Petersburg • “Window to the West” • Served as a symbol of the new modern Russia • Was built on land taken from Sweden. • Peter needed a “warm water” port.

  22. Absolute Ruler • When necessary he used force and terror to achieve his goals • Forced serfs to abandon their land to build St. Petersburg- 20,000 to 100,000 people died in the process…

  23. Warm Water Port • WANTED A WARM WATER PORT! • He created the largest army in Europe • Used it to expand Russian territory • Gained a water port on the Baltic Sea • Extended territory to the East

  24. HINT: Whenever rulers have “The Great” after their name – Usually means that they conquered land – to make nation larger Ex. Alexander the Great

  25. Peter’s IMPACT • Peter the Great left Russia a leading eastern European state. • He centralized government, modernized the army, created a navy and increased the subjugation of the peasants.

  26. Catherine the Great • Catherine the Great • Another absolute ruler who ruled alone after her husband, Czar Peter III was murdered in a coup… • DID successfully acquire ports on the Black Sea in 1795!

  27. During her reign Russia extended its boundaries to include territory from wars with the Turks, and from the partitions of Poland, as well as establishing control over the Black Sea.

  28. Drawing Comparisons Louis XIV & Peter the Great came to power at young ages And they were both ABSOLUTE RULERS Controlled dress, arts, culture, laws, religion, press Both had Divine Right Both sought to transform their nations to have the finest things and stand out on the world stage… Both fought wars to conquer land Built magnificent architectural feats Versailles (Louis XIV) St. Petersburg (Peter the Great)

  29. Elizabeth I of England(Mid-Late 1500s)

  30. Absolutism in England • Tudor Family Rule in England: • The Tudors believed in Divine Right but worked well with Parliament

  31. Henry VIII • He created the Anglican Church because he wanted to divorce his 1st wife Catherine. • Had 6 wives – trying to have male heir • Finally had Edward • Elizabeth was 3rd in line to the throne…

  32. Order… • Henry VIII • Edward VI • Mary Tudor • Elizabeth I became Queen Died

  33. Elizabeth I • Daughter of Henry VIII • Gifted Queen with a fierce temper and strong nature • Would spit on the floor, swear, and may punch a courtier when angered • Also witty and refined • 2,000 velvet and jewel encrusted gowns

  34. The Virgin Queen • Never married: but she used the prospect of marriage in political matters to her advantage. • She was courted by Phillip II of Spain after his wife (and her sister) Mary died.

  35. Elizabeth and the Church • She set up a single church that combined Catholic and Protestant traditions. • People were required to attend church or pay a fine. • Why might a divine right monarch force people to attend church?

  36. Absolute Rule – head of church & state • Parliament granted her request and made a second law, a new • ACT OF SUPREMACY • Which declared her the Supreme governor of England’s institutions- both church and its state!

  37. Although Elizabeth was the head of church and state as an absolute ruler…she faced several challenges! • Religious Disunity • Mary Queen of Scots • Spain and its Armada

  38. Threat #1: Religious Disunity • She tried to appeal to both Protestants and Catholics by allowing priests to marry and hold services in English (protestant) And kept the same traditions of Catholics (robes, crucifixes)… * Elizabeth wanted her subjects loyalty more than anything else

  39. Threat #2: Mary Queen of Scots • Elizabeth’s cousin, Mary Stuart Queen of Scots had the support of Catholics and many hoped she would overthrow Elizabeth. • Elizabeth had her jailed until 1586…

  40. Threat #2: Mary Queen of Scots • Mary was supposedly caught plotting to overthrow Elizabeth in 1586 • Elizabeth responded by having her beheaded…

  41. Threat #3: Phillip II of Spain • England was threatened by Phillip II of Spain when he ordered his fleet to invade England. • It was the largest fleet of ships ever assembled until Normandy in WWII. • It was called: The Spanish Armada

  42. Threat #3: Spain • Why organize the Armada? • Elizabeth had encouraged SEADOGS/PRIVATEERS- ships that were looting Spanish ships on their return from the Americas • England was not a Catholic country like Spain and Phillip wanted to change that. • Elizabeth had helped Norway and other colonies receive independence from Spain. • Elizabeth refused to marry Phillip after his wife Mary died.

  43. Threat #3: The Spanish Armada • Phillip II’s Spanish Armada included 130 ships with 8,000 sailors and 20,000 soldiers! • Spain had always been the major Naval Power due to its success in the Age of Exploration. • England wasn’t bad herself since she had been defending herself from French and other attacks for 1000’s of years.

  44. DID THE SPANISH ARMADA SUCCEED?

  45. The Thrilling Conclusion • It looked hopeless for England. No one believed they could defeat the power of Spain. • Elizabeth’s advisors asked her to make peace… even to marry Phillip if that is what it took. • Elizabeth in turned asked them to build her more ships. She also convinced merchant ships to fight for England in exchange for privateering licenses. • Elizabeth hired Sir Francis Drake to command the battle. • She spoke to parliament asking for support and trust. • There was going to be a fight.

  46. Spain is Defeated • Bad storms and record hurricanes sink 1/3 of the fleet before it reaches Norway to pick up soldiers. • The Dutch, who are still rebelling against Spanish rule, hassle the soldiers and force the Spanish to land at less than ideal ports where they lose more ships to English privateers and Dutch ships. • English ships scatter the Spanish “V Formation” with a firestorm. • England's small, fast, and maneuverable sloops pick off the Galleons one by one. • Spain flees but their escape is blocked by England; as they sail around the UK they attempt to land in Ireland where the Irish kill many Spanish soldiers. • The failure of the Armada marked a TURNING POINT in European history

  47. Turning Point: Spain’s Power • Spain’s defeat signaled the decline of Spain’s political power • The defeat also held religious importance: • Since all of Europe had viewed the battle as a contest between Catholics and Protestants, the Catholic Reformation suffered a serious setback. • Now the English had more power to trade and colonize north America

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