1. In-Groups vs. Out-Groups

2. Reasons for Rivalries • Geographic Proximity • Frequent Meetings in Important Games • Events that Increased tension between groups • Pre-existing Social and Political Tensions • 10 Great Sporting Rivalries

3. Football: FSU vs. UF • Two Oldest Public Universities in Florida • One or both of them often highly ranked • (1994) Choke at Doak Game • 28 Points from FSU in the last quarter to tie game 31-31 • The Comeback - FSU vs. UF

4. Feeding an Old RivalryAuburn vs. Alabama • Roll Tide/War Eagle • The Iron Bowl • Alabama vs. Auburn • 1893 • SEC Division • Rivalries and In-Group Bias.

5. Case Study: Barcelona – Real Madrid • Barcelona - Real Madrid • Why could this rivalry be considered more than just a soccer match? Provide details from the video. • How has the rivalry changed over time?

6. Case Study: AC Milan vs. Inter Milan • Italian Derby • Inter first allowed players from other countries to play when AC Milan wouldn’t • Differences have dissipated since their first match in 1908, but tension remains.

7. Case Study: The Old FirmCeltic F.C. vs. Rangers F.C. • Celtic vs. Rangers - More than a Game • Location: Glasgow, Scotland • Roots of Conflict • National Identity: Native Scots (Rangers) – Scots Irish (Celtic) • Religious Affiliation: Protestants (Rangers) – Catholics (Celtic) • Video: • The Football Wars

8. Case Study: Ali vs. Frazier • (1971)“Fight of the Century” • Both undefeated • Extension of tension in the country • Ali came to represent the movement against Vietnam. Frazier became symbol for conservative America • Frazier won. • (1974) Rematch: Ali won. • (1975) Final Fight: Ali won in the Philippines • Frazier vs. Ali - Rivals

9. Case Study: Miracle On Ice • Sport: Hockey • U.S vs. Soviet Union • Key Match: 1980 Winter Olympic Games Semifinal • Importance: • Cold War Era • Competition between countries. • U.S as the underdog story. • Miracle On Ice

10. Case Study: India vs. PakistanSports as a microcosm of the world • India-Pakistan Conflict • Fight over region of Kashmir. • Both countries have nuclear weapons • Conflict Analysis - India vs. Pakistan • Tension in the India/Pakistan border • Tension rises in the Border • Rivalry in Sports • How do people live the rivalry?

11. Group Behavior Affects Conflict:Conformity to our Group • Important Studies: • Solomon Asch • Group Pressure • Stanley Milgram • Obedience to Authority • Irving Janis • Groupthink: the tendency of group members to conform by adopting a narrow view of some issue. • How are group pressure, obedience to authority and groupthink part of our allegiance as fans to a team?

12. Asch Experiment . 

13. 65% of subjects administered what they thought was lethal voltage on the shock machine. Milgram described the dilemma as a conflict between conscience and authority.

14. Groupthink

15. I Think, You Think, We ThinkGroupthink •Groupthink: the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome. Characteristics of groupthink include: • Illusion of invulnerability • Collective rationalization • Belief in inherent morality • Stereotyped views of out-groups • Direct pressure on dissenters • Self-censorship • Illusion of unanimity • Self-appointed mindguards

16. Groupthink: Illusion of Invulnerability • Creates excessive optimism that encourages taking extreme risks.

17. Groupthink: Collective Rationalization • Members discount warnings and do not reconsider their assumptions.

18. Groupthink: Belief in Inherent Morality • Belief that whatever the group does it will be right as they all know the difference between right and wrong. • Tendency to overlook the consequences of what they decide. • Are we born good people or is morality taught?

19. Groupthink: Stereotyped views of out-groups • Negative views of those who are different creates conflict. • Question: Are we born to hate or are we taught to hate?

20. Groupthink: Direct Pressure on Dissenters • Members are under pressure not to express arguments against any of the group’s views.

21. Groupthink: Self-censorship • Doubts and deviations from the perceived group consensus are not expressed • Why could self-censorship be problematic on the long run?

22. Groupthink: Illusion of unanimity • The majority view and judgments are assumed to be unanimous.

23. Groupthink: Self-appointed mindguards • Member of a group who serves as an informational filter, providing limited information to the group and, consciously or subconsciously, utilizing a variety of strategies to control dissent

24. IN-GROUPS and OUT-GROUPS “We all see only that which we are trained to see.” 

25. In-Groups and Out-Groups • Social Identity • Social categorization divide world into in-group (“us”) and out-group (“them”)

26. In-Groups and Out-groups • Sport rivalries feed on the distinctions between in-groups and out-groups. So do other conflicts. • An in-group is a social group commanding a member’s esteem and loyalty; it is the one we identify with. • An out-group is a social group toward which one feels competition or opposition. • In-group bias: view our own group more favorably

27. Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown eyes“In-Groups vs. Out-Groups • 3rd Grade Teacher Jane Elliott • Experiment conducted on the days after Martin Luther King assassination (1968) • Wanted to explain discrimination to 8 year olds. • Experiment deals with stereotypes, prejudice, discrimination, and the creation of in-group bias.

28. Glossary Stereotypes - beliefs about attributes that are thought to be characteristic of members of particular groups. A mental image or judgment of a group based on opinion without regard to individual differences. They can be either positive or negative. ex. Women are nurturing, car salesmen are dishonest Prejudice - A negative judgment or opinion formed about a group without knowledge of the facts. Discrimination - Treating someone less favorably based on the group, class or category they belong to. Discrimination is prejudice in action.

29. Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown eyes“In-Groups vs. Out-Groups • 1) What did you learn? Did any part of the film surprise you? What scene or scenes do you think you'll still remember a month from now and why those scenes? • 2) How was the exercise that Elliott designed a response to the children's question, "Why would anyone want to murder Martin Luther King?" Did the film provide an answer to the question? Can you answer the question? • 3) What features did Elliott ascribe to the superior and inferior groups and how did those characteristics reflect stereotypes about blacks and whites? • 4) What did the children's body language indicate about the impact of discrimination? • 5) How did the negative and positive labels placed on a group become self-fulfilling prophecies?

30. Jane Elliott's "blue eyes/brown eyes“In-Groups vs. Out-Groups • 6) How are the results of the experiment different when it is done with adults? • 7) In the prison seminar, one of the white women asserts that all people face some kind of discrimination. Another woman challenges her, claiming that whites can't really know what it's like to face discrimination every minute of every day. What do you think? • 8) It's easy to understand why third-graders might not refuse to obey their teacher, but when the exercise is done with the prison guards, why don't any of the adults object?

31. Jane Elliott’s Diversity Training • Diversity Training