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Chapter Two

Chapter Two. Nouns and cases; 1 st declension; agreement of adjectives; syntax. Nouns and cases. Remember how verbs use different endings to show their person and number? (– o –s –t –mus –tis –nt) So do nouns!

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Chapter Two

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  1. Chapter Two Nouns and cases; 1st declension; agreement of adjectives; syntax

  2. Nouns and cases • Remember how verbs use different endings to show their person and number? (– o –s –t –mus –tis –nt) • So do nouns! • The endings of a noun tell us whether it is the subject (doing the action) or the object (receiving the action), whether it indicates possession (the girl’s pencil), etc.

  3. Nouns and cases, cont. • In English, we rely on WORD ORDER to understand this sentence (“I see the dog running” is an understandable sentence, but “I the dog see running” is not.) • BUT, Latin relies on the ENDINGS of the words, not the order the words are in. • These various forms of the noun are called “CASES.”

  4. The Cases • Nominative – indicates the subject of a finite verb (The POET is giving the girl large roses) • Genitive – Usually indicates possession; often translated with “of” (The girls are giving the POET’S roses to the sailors) • Dative – indicates the indirect object (“GIRL” in sentence one and “SAILORS” in sentence two)

  5. Let’s practice what we have so far: • Which word is in the nominative: • The woman knocks on the door. • Which word is in the dative: • I throw him the ball. • I passed the peas to Jane. • Which word is in the genitive: • Is that Greg’s dog? • Have you seen TheLifeofBrian?

  6. Cases, cont. • Accusative – indicates the direct object of the verb, and used with certain prepositions. (The poet gives large ROSES to the girl). • Ablative – a complex case, sometimes called the adverbial case. Usually limits the verb by answering questions like: “by what/whom?”; “with whom?”; “how?”; “where?” or “when?” • This case is easy to spot when used with prepositions such as ab (by, from) cum (with), de and ex (from) in (in, on) • Generally we can associate the ablative with by, with, from, in, on, at.

  7. Cases, cont. • Vocative – used to address a person or thing directly. • Sometimes with the interjection Ō

  8. First declension – noun and adjective • The listing of all the cases (nom, gen, etc.) of a noun is called a DECLENSION • Just like we conjugate verbs by adding endings to a stem, we DECLINE nouns by adding endings to a “base” • To get this base, look at the dictionary listing of a noun (nom, gen.) and drop its genitive ending: PORTA, PORTAE (gate) • PORT-ae • Then add the case endings to this base

  9. 1st decl. Noun and Adj., cont. • Here are the SINGULAR endings: • Nom – a • Gen – ae • Dat – ae • Acc – am • Abl – ā • Voc – a

  10. Declining a noun • Porta-ae (f.) gate • Nom. Porta (the/a gate) • Gen. Portae (of the gate) • Dat. Portae (to/for the gate) • Acc. Portam (the gate) • Ab. Portā (by/with/from the gate) • Voc. Porta (O large gate)

  11. But what about adjectives? • Porta magna (the/a large gate) • Portae magnae (of the large gate) • Portae magnae (to/for the large gate) • Portam magnam (the large gate) • Portā magnā (by/ with/ from the large gate) • Porta magna (O large gate)

  12. Cont. • So we see that adjectives agree with the nouns they modify in case (if the noun is in the ablative, then so is the adj.; if it’s in the genitive, so is the adj.) • The bigflower’s petals. • In Latin, “big” will be in the same case as the word it modifies (goes with) flower. • Adjectives also agree with their nouns in Number…

  13. 1st declension PLURAL • Nom. portae magnae • Gen. portārum magnārum • Dat. portīs magnīs • Acc. portās magnās • Ab. portīs magnīs • Voc. portae magnae

  14. 1st decl. nouns and adj. Cont. • Just like adjectives agree (“match”) their nouns in CASE, they agree in NUMBER. • If the noun is plural, so is the adjective. • So if the noun is SINGULAR and in the Accusative CASE, the adjective is… • If the noun is gen. singular, the adj. is… • If the noun “porta” is declined as portīs, the adjective “magna” will be… • What possible CASES could portīs magnīs be?

  15. Gender of 1st Declension • Like English, Latin distinguishes among three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. • UNLIKE in English, however, Latin gender is a grammatical idea NOT a natural one. • The gender of nouns MUST be memorized. • First declension nouns are mostly FEMININE • Some 1st decl. nouns referring to male occupations are masculine: • Poeta – poet • Nauta – sailor (nautical) • Agricola – farmer (agriculture)

  16. Second declension: masculine nouns and adjectives

  17. The second declension • Just like the 1st declension, the 2nd decl. consists of: the noun base + endings • These endings are mostly different from the 1st decl. • Most nom. singular masculine nouns of the 2nd decl. end in –us but some end in –er.

  18. Second Decl. SINGULAR nouns and adjectives • Amicus (friend) + magnus (great) • Nom: amicus magnus • Gen: amicī magnī • Dat: amicō magnō • Acc.: amicum magnum • Abl: amicō magnō • Voc: amice magne

  19. Masc. nouns and adjs. Plural • Nom: amicī magnī • Gen: amicōrum magnōrum • Dat: amicīs magnīs • Acc: amicōs magnōs • Abl: amicīs magnīs • Voc: amicī magnī

  20. Masulines in –er • Puer (boy) puer- ager (field) agr- ENDINGS • Puer ager (none) • Puerī agrī -ī • Puerō agrō -ō • Puerum agrum -um • Puerō agrō -ō • Puer ager (none) • Puerī agrī -ī • Puerōrum agrōrum -ōrum • Puerīs agrīs -īs • Puerōs agrōs -ōs • Puerīs agrīs -īs • Puerī agrī -ī

  21. Nouns and Adjectives • The –er nouns show us that we cannot always simply attach the noun’s ending to the adjective. • Nouns ending in –er can be modified using adjectives that end in –us • Nom- Puer magnus NOT puermagner • Gen- Pueri magni • Voc- Puer magne • We MUST memorize the endings in order to identify adjectives and the nouns they modify

  22. Practice: give the case(s), number and gender • Agrō magnō • Dat. or abl. sing. masc. • Puerōrum magnōrum • Gen. plur. masc. • Puerī magnī • Gen. sing., nom. pl., voc. pl. all masc. • Portīs magīs • Abl. pl. fem. • Portae magnae • Gen. sing., dat. sing., nom. pl., OR voc. pl. fem.

  23. Second declension Neuters; adjectives;

  24. Second Declension - Neuters • Unlike first declension nouns, the second decl. has Neuters • Just like with fem. And masc. nouns, add endings to the base

  25. Endings • SINGULAR PLURAL • Nom. – um - a • Gen. - ī - ōrum • Dat. - ō - īs • Acc. - um - a • Abl. - ō - īs

  26. SINGULAR Dōnum, -i gift Cōnsilium, -i plan • dōnum cōnsilium • dōnī cōnsiliī • dōnō cōnsiliō • dōnum cōnsilium • dōnō cōnsiliō

  27. PLURAL Dōmī gifts cōnsiliī plans • dōna cōnsilia • dōnōrum cōnsiliōrum • dōnīs cōnsiliīs • dōna cōnsilia • dōnīs cōnsiliīs

  28. donum,-i gift magnum,-i great • donum magnum great/large gift • doni magni of the great/large gift • dono magno to/for the large gift • donum magnum large/great gift • dono magno by, with,(etc) a great gift

  29. Differences between masculines and neuters in the Second Decl. • The nom., acc., and voc. Are identical • UM in the sing. and A in the plural • Neuters will ALWAYS have their Nom., Acc., and Voc. Singulars match • They will ALWAYS have an –a ending in the Nom., Acc., and Voc. pl.

  30. Practice decline the adjective magnum,-ī to agree with the noun cōnsilium,-ī • Cōnsiliīs • Magnīs • Cōnsilia • Magna • Cōnsilium • magnum

  31. Practice: Give the case and number of the neuter noun and the possible translations • Dōnī • Gen. sing of the gift • Dōna • Nom., acc., or voc. pl. Gifts, O gifts • Dōnīs • Dat. or abl. pl. to/for the gifts OR by, with, etc. the gifts

  32. Declension and Agreement of Adjectives • We have used the adjective MAGNUS throughout chapters 2-4 to show that the same adjective has masculine, feminine and neuter endings. • We determine the gender based on the gender of the noun it is describing, just like the adjective agrees with its noun in case and number.

  33. Adjectives: SingularMasc. Fem. Neut. • Nom. magnus magna magnum • Gen. magnī magnae magnī • Dat. magnō magnae magnō • Acc. magnum magnam magnum • Abl. magnō magnā magnō • Voc. magne magna magnum

  34. Adjectives : PluralMasc. Fem. Neut • Nom. magnī magnae magna • Gen.magnōrum magnarum magnōrum • Dat. magnīs magnīs magnīs • Acc. magnōs magnās magna • Abl. magnīs magnīs magnīs

  35. The Dictionary Listing of Adjectives • First and second declension adjectives (like magnus) will appear in the dictionary like this: • magnus,-a,-um • Meus,-a,-um • Paucī,-ae,-a (this one is plural only)

  36. Third Declension nouns

  37. Third Declension nouns • As we’ve seen, the first declension is predominantly feminine, and the second declension contains masculine and neuter nouns. • Unlike the declensions we’ve seen, the THIRD DECL. contains masc., fem., and neut. Nouns. • It’s easiest to memorize the gender as part of the dictionarylisting, but p. 44 has additional tips.

  38. 3rd Decl. cont. • Also, so far the nouns we’ve seen have an easily identifiable stem to which we add our caseendings. • Third declension nouns work the same way EXCEPT, the nominative singular form is often different from the stem. • This is why we also memorize the Genitive singular as part of its dictionarylisting.

  39. More 3rd decl. • Rex, regism. king • To get the stem, we drop the –is from the genitive singular ending: REG-is • Nom. Rex • Gen. Reg-is • Dat. Reg-ī • Acc. Reg-em • Abl. Reg-e

  40. More examples • Virtus, virtutis f. meritstem= virtut-is • Nom virtus • Gen virtut-is • Datvirtut-ī • Acc virtut-em • Ablvirtut-e

  41. Still more examples • Homo, hominis m. man stem= homin • Nom homo • Gen hominis • Dat hominī • Acc hominem • Abl homine

  42. Neuter example • Corpus, corporis n. body stem= corpor • Nom corpus • Gen corporis • Dat corporī • Acc corpus • Abl corpore

  43. So Here are the SINGULAR caseendings on their own: • Masc./Fem. Neuter • Nom ___ ___ • Gen -is -is • Dat -ī -ī • Acc -em ___ • Abl -e -e

  44. Practice – give the case and number • Corpus, n. • Nom or acc sing. • Regis • Gen. sing. • Virtutem • Acc sing. • Homine • Abl. Sing.

  45. The Plurals • Rex,regis (m) king • Nom. Pl. regēs • Gen pl. regum • Dat. Pl. regibus • Acc. Pl. regēs • Abl. Pl. Regibus • Notice that unlike the Nominative singular, the nom. Pl. uses the regular stem, reg-

  46. More examples • Virtus, virtutis (f.) merit • Nom. pl. Virtut-ēs • Gen. pl. Virtut-um • Dat. pl. Virtut-ibus • Acc. pl. Virtut-ēs • Abl. pl. Virtut-ibus

  47. Homo, hominis, (m) man • Nom. pl. hominēs • Gen. pl. hominum • Dat. pl. hominibus • Acc. pl. hominēs • Abl. pl. hominibus

  48. Neuter plural: corpus, corporis (n) body • Nom. pl. corpor-a • Gen. pl. corpor-um • Dat. pl. corpor-ibus • Acc. pl. corpor-a • Abl. pl. corpor-ibus • Remember the neuter rule: The nom/acc singular are identical, and the nom/acc pl. is always –a.

  49. Practice, give the case and number • Hominum • Gen. pl. • Virtutēs • Nom/acc pl. • Corpora • Nom/acc pl. • Regibus • dat./abl sing.

  50. So, here are all of the 3rd decl. endings: • Masc./Fem. Neut. • Nom _____ ____ • Gen -is -is • Dat -ī -ī • Acc -em ____ • Abl -e -e • Nom -ēs -a • Gen -um -um • Dat -ibus -ibus • Acc -ēs -a • Abl. -ibus -ibus

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