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The Caddo, Wichita, and Atakpa: Native American Societies in Texas and Their Agricultural Practices

This article explores the factors that influenced the Caddo, Wichita, and Atakpa Native American tribes in Texas, focusing on their transition from nomadic lifestyles to settled agricultural communities. The Caddo developed sophisticated farming techniques, cultivating crops such as beans, corn, and tobacco in permanent villages, benefiting from the region's fertile soil. Meanwhile, the Wichita established villages near rivers and practiced farming and tattoo traditions, while the Atakpa thrived between the Caddo and the Gulf, blending hunting and farming. Each society reflects unique cultural and organizational structures that shaped their communities.

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The Caddo, Wichita, and Atakpa: Native American Societies in Texas and Their Agricultural Practices

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Presentation Transcript

  1. Warm-up • What are some factors that caused the Native Americans to settle down or become nomads?

  2. Caddo, Wichita and Atakpa

  3. Caddo and Farming • The Caddo were Indians who lived in east Texas and built permanent villages and were expert farmers • There the Caddo became expert farmers, employing crop rotation to prevent the soil from wearing out • Texas had rich soil and abundant rain, which made it possible to grow many crops • The Caddo grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds, and tobacco • Men would clear the fields and make farm tools

  4. Caddo Society • Because of their large food supply, the Caddo had a large population. • They built permanent dwellings which were fifty feet tall and sixty feet wide • Over time they developed one of the more complex societies in Texas • The Caddo were a matrilineal society, which means families were traced through their mother’s side • Marriages were arranged by the parents and divorce was very common • In Caddo villages, important decisions about the family were made by the women.

  5. Caddo Society • The Caddo were organized into three confederacies • These confederacies shared a common language and were allies, or friends who supported one another • The three Caddo confederacies were the Hasinai, the Kadohadacho, and the Natchitoches

  6. The Wichita • Lived along the Red River • The Wichita confederacy had four groups: the Waco, the Taovaya, the Tawakoni, and the Wichita • They lived along creeks and rivers • Grew beans, melons, and squash • They lived in permanent villages • Would wear tattoos around their eyelids

  7. The Atakpa • Lived between the Caddo and the Gulf of Mexico • The Atakpa had good land for farming and grew a lot of maize, or corn. • Also hunted buffalo and alligator ( would spear the alligator through the eye) • Some Atakpa lived closer to the coast and relied less on farming and more on hunting and fishing • Atakpa means “eaters of men” in Choctaw.

  8. Class work • Complete the worksheet by using Section 3 on page 75 • Do question 3 and 4 on Section Review page 78

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