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Geography and Indian Life: Understanding India's Physical Features and Early Civilizations

India is a subcontinent characterized by its vast landmass and distinct geography, bordered by the Hindu Kush and Himalayas. The Ganges and Indus rivers are pivotal to its cultural and economic life. Surrounded by the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal, India's climate is hot due to blocking cool winds from the north by the towering mountains. The region is famed for its early civilizations, particularly the Harappan culture in the Indus Valley, known for advanced urban planning, including grid-like city layouts, brick wall enclosures, and complex sewer systems. The Harappan civilization declined around 2000 B.C., likely due to natural disasters.

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Geography and Indian Life: Understanding India's Physical Features and Early Civilizations

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  1. Notes: Chapter 7, Section 1: “Geography and Indian Life”

  2. Physical Geography of India • India is a subcontinent, which is a large landmass that is like a continent, only smaller. • India is separated from Asia by two mountain ranges (Hindu Kush and the Himalayas).

  3. Indian Bodies of Water • The two most important rivers in India are the Ganges and the Indus rivers. • India is surrounded by the Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, and Bay of Bengal.

  4. Indian Climate • The tall mountains block cooler winds from the north. As a result, India is extremely hot. • Summer monsoon winds bring warm rainy weather.

  5. The Earliest Civilizations • The earliest farmers raised wheat and barley and domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, and chickens.

  6. Harappan Culture • Harappan civilization existed in the Indus river valley. • Harappan cities were planned with streets in grids and thick brick walls surrounding the cities.

  7. Harappan Advancements • Harappan cities were planned with sewers to carry away human waste. • Houses had toilets and indoor bathrooms.

  8. Harappan Decline • Around 2,000 B.C., earthquakes shook the region and probably led to the rivers drying up. The Harappancivilizatilon went into decline.

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