Personality

1. Personality Chapter 14 McElhaney

2. Personality • Definition- “a person’s unique pattern of thinking, emotions, and behavior.” • Refers to consistency in who you are, have been and will become. • Is a blend of talent, values, hopes, loves, hates, and habits…

3. Basics • Each of us have consistent behavior patterns that define our personality • Predictable- we can predict how people will act • Personality- is closely related to traits • Can be understood as a manifestation of Mental conflicts • Is effected by learning • Is effected by social situations • Relate to how people perceive themselves

4. Basics 2 • Psychologists use: • Interview • Direct observation • Questionnaires • Shyness= public self-consciousness • Behavior- is influenced by self-monitoring • Self-monitoring- is a process of observing, regulating, and controlling personal image we display To assess personality

5. Psychology of Personality • Personality factors • Who are you? • How do you think? • How do you behave and express feelings? • Personality is not character (is a term of evaluation- friendly, outgoing, honest with moral values… • Personality is not temperament (hereditary aspects – sensitivity, irritability, distractibility typical mood)

6. Personality Traits • Traits are- stable qualities that a person shows in most situations • Are inferred from observed behaviors • Sociable, orderly, intelligent, shy, sensitive, creative • Types= Personality types- people who have several traits in common • Categories of include- popular, athletic, motherly

7. Self Concept • Consists of all your ideas, perceptions and feelings about who you are • Guides our behavior • Problems can arise with inadequate or inaccurate self concept

8. Self Esteem • High esteem = confident, proud, self-respecting • Rises with success • Low Esteem- Falls= with negative self evaluation • Examples- insecure, lacking in confidence, self-critical • Genuine Esteem is accurate appraisal of strengths + weaknesses

9. Personality Theories • Are frameworks to understand personality • 5 major Theories • Trait Theory • Psycho-Dynamic • Behavioristic • Social Learning • Humanistic

10. Match the Personality Theory • Focuses on private, subjective experience, and personal growth • Effect of conditioning +Learning = effects of external environment • Focuses on inner workings of personality • Especially internal conflicts & struggles • To learn what traits makeup personality + how they relate to actual behavior • Attribute differences in personality to socialization, expectations+ and mental processes

11. Trait Approach • Trait is a stable + enduring quality that a person shows in most situations. • To be considered a personality trait it must be typical of your behavior • Ancient Greeks- found 4 different types of temperament

12. Hans Eysneck and Traits Eysenck believed that many personality traits are related to whether you are mainly introverted or extroverted and whether you tend to be emotionally stable or unstable (highly emotional). These characteristics, in turn, are related to four basic types of temperament first recognized by the early Greeks. The types are: melancholic(sad, gloomy), choleric(hot-tempered, irritable), phlegmatic(sluggish, calm), and sanguine(cheerful, hopeful). (Adapted from Eysenck, 1981.)

13. Identified different kinds of traits Subjective Classifying Common traits Characteristics shared by most members of a culture Tells us similarities in a culture Individual Traits Defines a person of unique qualities… Gordon Allport and Classifying Traits

14. Cardinal Traits Basic trait easily visible to a person’s activities Few people have cardinal traits “Trait that literally Drives/guide’s your life.” Mother Teresa- Compassion Central traits- Basic building blocks of personality Small # of traits (7) tell clear story of personality Allport 2

15. Allport Secondary Traits • Less consistent • Superficial aspects • Food preferences • Attitudes • Political opinion • Musical tastes

16. Wanted to know how traits were interlinked Found surface traits-make up visible areas of - personality Occur in clusters Appear often Seen as a basic trait Used statistics Called Factor Analysis Psychologists correlates and looks for patterns Associated with traits 16 Source traits Raymond Cattell

17. Cattell 16 Source Traits • All are needed to Fully describe a personality • Created a questionnaire • “16 Personality Factor Questionnaire” (16PF) • Used to create a trait profile • Represented in a graph or score based on traits

18. The Big 5- “5 Factor Model” • Cattell’s (16 PF) was reduced to 5 Universal dimensions • That can predict how people will act in various circumstances (used to compare personalities) • Extroversion • Agreeableness • Conscientiousness • Neuroticism • Openness to Experience

19. Big 5 trait factors • 1. how extro or introverted ? • 2. Agreeableness- how agreeable= friendly, nurturing, caring vs. cold, indifferent, self-centered, spiteful • 3. Conscientious- How self-disciplined, responsible/achieving vs. irresponsible, careless, undependable • 4. Neuroticism- how negative, upsetting emotions- • High neuroticism= anxious, emotionally sour, irritable and unhappy. • 5. Openness to Experience how open to experience are you • Any trait you can name will be tied to one of the five factors

20. Which is more important?Personality traits or External Circumstances • Both • Personality traits are consistent & can predict behavior • Situations influence behavior • Traits interact with situations to determine how we act.

21. Psycho-Dynamic Theory of Personality • Not focused on traits-but under the surface • Believe our actions are based on hidden unconscious needs

22. Freud • Freud personality theory • Structure of personality • Saw personality as 3 mental structures • Id • Ego • Superego = Interaction of 3 Behavior

23. The Id • Includes innate biological instances + urges • Self serving irrational, impulsive, • Totally unconscious • Operates on Pleasure Principle • I.E., seeks to express- pleasure urges • (Id is) Energy for psyche=personality • AKA the libido • Id is the energyfor the psyche=libido • Libido comes from life instincts (eros)

24. Freud 3 • Freud said the libido drives: • Sexual desires • Survival • Pleasure thinking • Death instinct = (Thanatos)- produces destructive + aggressive urges

25. Ego • Ego is the executive- “Directs energies supplied by id.” • Mediates between the Id & reality • Id is expressed through the Ego • Id= desires to- ego- reality • Ego– guided by reality Principle • Delays action until it is practical or appropriate • Thinking, planning, problem solving, + deciding • In conscious control of personality (Changes)

26. Super Ego • Super ego- the judge, or Censor • Internal parent- to keep order of behavior • Thinking, planning, problem solving + deciding • In conscious control of personality • Conscience when punished, when standards of the conscience are not met= guilt feelings

27. Ego Ideal • Reflects all behavior- parent approved of+ rewarded • Source of goals + aspirations • When standard are met = pride • Weak Super Ego= delinquent, criminal, anti-social personality • Harsh Super Ego= inhibition, rigidity, unbearable guilt

28. Freud Continued • Said- Id + superego + Ego are conflicting mental processes • When in conflict (especially sexually)–then • Displacement or • Sublimation occur- (sexual energy is directed to other activities)

29. Freud and Anxiety • Freud said most internal struggles are re-channeled energies typify most personality functioning. • Anxiety- is the result of when ego is threatened or overwhelmed • Neurotic Anxiety results when ego can barely keep Id under control. (individuals are struggling with forbidden drives) • Moral Anxiety- occur with threats of punishment from the superego • Ego defense mechanisms- are used to calm these anxieties • Rationalization, Denial, Projection, Repression, Regression

30. Levels of Awareness • Freud said- behavior- expresses unconscious forces • The unconscious holds repressed memories + emotions plus drives of Id • (also a limbic system connection ) • Unconscious thoughts feelings-urges may slip into behavior in symbolic form

31. Freud and Personality Development • Freud said “Core of personality is formed before age 6” • Psycho-Sexual Stages= erotic (broad categories of sources of pleasure) childhood urges have lasting effects on development

32. 4 Psycho Sexual Stages • Each different phase has a different phase becomes a child primary erogenous zone (area for experiencing pleasure) • Adult Personality traits – can be traced to fixations • Fixations- arise from unresolved conflicts in childhood- 1. over indulgence in one stage 2. frustration at stage

33. 4 Stages • Oral- • Anal • Phallic • Genital

34. Neo-Freudians • Close to Freuds ideas • Accepted broad features of Freudian theory • Horney • Adler • Jung

35. Alfred Adler (1937) • Broke from Freud • Disagreed with Freud’s • Emphasis on Unconscious • Emphasis on Instinctual drives • Emphasis on Sexuality • Believed we are social creatures controlled by social urges • Main force of personality=striving for superiority • Struggling to overcome imperfections • We have a drive for competence, mastery of shortcomings

36. Adler 2 • Said- Everyone experiences inferiority feelings • Because we begin small weak + relatively powerless • Inferiority also comes from personal limitations • We compensate for limitations

37. Adler • We each have a unique style of life = personality pattern • Formed by age 5 indicated by earliest memory that can be recalled • Also said we have a creative self- • Humans create their personalities through choice and experience

38. Karen Horney (1855-1952) • Close to Freud’s view- except the gender bias • Said • Basic Anxiety occurs- when people feel isolated and helpless in a hostile world • Feelings come from childhood experience • Personality is affected when people try to control anxiety by exaggerating a single mode of interacting • Move toward= dependent- love, support, friendship • Move away= independent, withdrawal, loner, strong • Move Against= hostile, attacking, competing, seeking power

39. Carl Jung (1875-1961) • Student of Freud • Developed his own ideas • Used Ego=Conscious • Identified the Persona- “Mask” that exists between the ego and the outside world, the public self to others • (which makes up the personality)

40. Introverts Shy Egocentric Attention is focused inward Energy directed mainly inward Extroverts Bold Outgoing Attention directed outward Energy directed mostly outward Jung said

41. Jung and Personal Unconscious • Used the term- Personal unconscious- instead of the Freudian “Unconscious” • Is a mental storehouse for individual’s experience feelings and memories

42. Jung and Collective Unconscious • A deep mental storehouse for unconscious ideas and images • Shared by all humans • Called Archetypes • Examples- all humans share experience: • Birth, death, power, god figures, mother, father, Earth, evil, rebirth

43. Archetypes (arkehtypes) • Found in collective unconscious • They cause us to respond emotionally to symbols of birth, death, energy, animals, evil • Jung found archetypes in art, religion, myths, dreams in every culture.

44. In men- Anima is an idealized image of woman- in unconscious Women have idealized man in Animus Two Archetypes- Anima= female principle + Animus= male principle • Anima and Animus allows us to relate to opposite sex • Also allows masculine and feminine sides of our personalities

45. Self-Archetypes • Jung said most important • Represents unity • Gradual balance • Wholeness • Harmony Within personality

46. Personality is a collection of behavior patterns Situational determinants Dollard and Miller Social Learning Theorists Self Efficacy and Bandura Self Reinforcement 4 Critical Situations Behavior Critical Situations Becoming Male and Female (Behavioral Aspects) and Parental aspects of behavioral development Learning Theories of Personality- Behavioral

47. Definitions and Humanism/Human nature Self Actualization Profile/ Self Acutalizer Carl Rogers Personality Structure and dynamics Ideal self Incongruence and Incongruent Personality and How does development of the self contribute to later personality functioning? Humanistic

48. Direct Observation and Rating Personality Questionnaires Rorschach Inklbot Test Thematic Appreciation Test Limits of Projective Testing Personality Assessments 534-540