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Understanding Atoms, Minerals, and Rocks: Earth's Building Blocks

Explore geology, rocks, minerals, and Earth processes. Learn about atoms, elements, compounds, and bonding types in forming minerals. Discover the composition and classification of mafic and felsic silicates.

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Understanding Atoms, Minerals, and Rocks: Earth's Building Blocks

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  1. Atoms and Minerals Building blocks for Rocks and the Earth Figure 1, p. 76

  2. Geology- Study of the Earth Rocks - What are they made of? How do they form and change? What do the tell us about the Earth and Earth processes? What is a Mineral? Matter - What is it?

  3. Atoms Nucleus Protons (+) Neutrons Electrons (-) Fig. 3-2, p. 61

  4. No of Protons Table 3-1, p. 62

  5. Elements combine to form Compounds BONDING Ionic: Metals lose electron (Na+,K+, Ca++) nonmetals gain electron (Cl-, F-) NaCl, CaF2 Covalent: shared electrons, each atom donates electron to bond (e.g., diamond)

  6. Ionic Bonding Fig. 3-4, p. 63

  7. Covalent Bonding Diamond Graphite Covalent within sheets van der Waals forces between sheets Fig. 3-5, p. 64

  8. OTHER TYPES OF BONDING: Metallic: positive ions (lost electrons), shared common electron “cloud” electrons can "flow" (electricity) e.g., Copper Van der Waals Forces: weak, attraction between charged molecules (e.g., water, H2O - H2O

  9. MINERAL Naturally Occurring Inorganic Shells OK (calcite, aragonite; CaCO3) NOT coal, oil, or amber Crystalline (Not petroleum, obsidian) Restricted chemical composition

  10. Fig. 3-7, p. 66

  11. Fig. 3-1, p. 60

  12. What are the two most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust?

  13. Fig. 3-9a, p. 67

  14. The Building Block of Silicate Rocks: The Silica Tetrahedron Fig. 3-10, p. 69

  15. Mafic Silicates Felsic Limestone Evaporites Table 3-4, p. 79

  16. Mafic Felsic Fig. 3-12, p. 71

  17. Table 3-2, p. 69

  18. Fig. 3-15, p. 75

  19. Fig. 3-18, p. 80

  20. Things to Know: Atom Mineral 2 most abundant elements in Earth’s crust “Building block” of silicate minerals =silica tetrahedron Mafic vs Felsic silicates Examples of mafic and felsic minerals Others: Limestone (Calcium Carbonate), Evaporites (salt, gypsum)

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