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Vaccines and Immunizations

Vaccines and Immunizations. Sidelsky 2007. Immunization . The induction of artifical immunity by giving preformed antibodies ( immunoglobulins) Administration of an antigen ( active Immunization). Immunity and immunoglobulins. Non Specific - collected from pooled serum of a high titer

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Vaccines and Immunizations

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  1. Vaccines and Immunizations Sidelsky 2007

  2. Immunization • The induction of artifical immunity by giving preformed antibodies ( immunoglobulins) • Administration of an antigen ( active Immunization)

  3. Immunity and immunoglobulins • Non Specific - collected from pooled serum of a high titer • Effective for short duration( 1-4 months) • Broken down in protein catabolism and recycled

  4. Vaccines • Vaccines contain an antigen to which the immune system responds • Vaccines contain weakened or attenuated viruses or organisms, inactivated organisms • Portions of organisms • Toxoids which are inactivated toxins that are antigenic, but not harmful

  5. Mechanism of response • Upon administration of the vaccine • The immune system reacts to it as “ foreign” The response is a weaker version of the one that would occur in the face of the actual pathogen The response of the immune system determines the efficacy of the immunzation and the extent of the immunity provided

  6. Boosters • Required to sustain immunity • The first dose evokes a primary immune response • The subsequent doses help to stimulate a secondary immune response • This increases the length of time that antibodies are present to prevent disease • May also affect the strength of response to the organism if the individual is exposed

  7. Type of vaccine • The route of administration of a disease can affect the quality of immunity • Comparable to the injection of vaccines into muscle, the response is more effective if the vaccine is administered through its normal route of entry

  8. DTaP • Diptheria, Tetanus, and acellular Pertussis • Replaced old DTP • Safer to administer • Made by pruifying toxins as well as proteins • These are inactivated by formaldehyde

  9. Protection and side effects • The DTaP protects vaccine protects against, Diptheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis • Pertussis is the most problematic aspect of the disease • Protects agains “ whooping cough” • Hooping cough is an upper respiratory infection that is caused by Bordatella pertussis

  10. Whooping Cough ( continued) • The old vaccine caused fever, redness, at the injection site, malaise. • Crying persistently was also a side effect • Seizures were observed in some • In Japan they stopped administration of the vaccine. • A the time they stopped there wer 400 cases a year, this increased to 13.000 with much higher mortality

  11. Diptheria • Diptheria is caused by an organism called Cornybacterium diptheriae • The disease itself is caused by a toxin • The toxin causes the formation of a membrane across the back of the throat making it difficult to breath

  12. Diptheria • Early stages: Sore throat. Low fever. • Swollen neck glands. • Late stages: Airway obstruction and breathing difficulty. Shock (low blood pressure, rapid heartbeat, paleness, cold skin, sweating, and anxious appearance) (Kadirova, R. et al. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000;181:S110-S115; Hadfield, T. L. et al. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2000;181:S116-S120.

  13. Diptheria

  14. Tetanus • Caused by the bacteria, Clostridium tetani • Natural soil baterium • Enters the body through a wound • The bacterium produces a toxin that affects the skeletal muscle • Vaccine provides immunity • Td • Requires booster every 10 years

  15. Tetanus

  16. Polio • Caused by an enterovirus • Enters the body through the oral route • Enters through the gastrointestinal route

  17. Polio • Causes fever, diarrhea,vomiting, and still neck in some children • More severe form paralysis • Usually legs and arms are paralyzed - some times chest muscles that involve breathing.

  18. Global Incidence of Polio - 1995

  19. Polio Pioneers

  20. Philadephia Connection – Dr. Hilary Koprowski

  21. Polio vaccines • OPV - oral vaccine - changes the genetics of the virus • The virus can survive in the GI tract, but cannot enter the nervous system • Antibodies are made on the surface of the gastric mucosa as well as the blood

  22. IPV • IPV made by inactivating the virus with formaldehyde • Administered as an IM shot • Provides more immunity in blood but does not protect the gastrointestinal route • IPV provides a second line of defense against the organism

  23. Vaccine administration and recommendations • Two doses of IVP followed by two doses of OVP( new vaccine eIVP) enhanced potency inactivated polio vaccine) • Replaces old schedule for just oral vaccines

  24. Risks from administration of polio vaccine • Vaccine( OPV) causes 8-10 cases of paralysis a year • Paralysis is transitory in most • Replicates in gastric mucosa and if it sustains mutations it can cause disease • IPV - no serious side effects

  25. MMR • Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine • Deaths from measles has dropped from 3000 a year to almost none • Fever and rash are the most common side effects

  26. Mumps • Paramyxovirus • Transmitted via aerosolized droplets • Infects the parotid glands in the neck( enters through the ducts of the salivary glands) • Causes fever, extreme swelling of the neck. The neck becomes very hard • It used to be one of the major causes of meningitis prior to the development of the vaccine

  27. Swollen Parotid Glands

  28. Measles • Before the vaccine there were 3-4 million cases of measles per year • There were 3000 deaths • Since 1995 there have been no deaths • 240 million doses of the vaccine and no significant problems

  29. Measles • Measles, also called Rubeola, is a highly contagious - but rare - respiratory infection that's caused by a virus. • It causes a total-body skin rash and flu-like symptoms, including a fever, cough, and runny nose.

  30. Worldwide Immunization

  31. Comparison of cases of Measles

  32. Side Effects of Vaccine • Rash • Fever of 103oF • Measles vaccine is grown in eggs it represents a problem for people with egg allergies

  33. Initial vaccination • First immunization given between 12-15 months • Second shot given at 4-6 years • Boosters may be given before entry to college

  34. Rubella – German Measles • Rubella -commonly known as German measles or 3-day measles — • It is an infection that primarily affects the skin and lymph nodes. It is caused by the rubella virus

  35. Teratogenic virus • 85% of women infected with Rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy have children with severe birth defects • Children are born with blindness, deafness, and severe heart defects

  36. Rubella titer • Women of reproductive age if planning a pregnancy should have a blood test to determine their status • Rubella titers measure the antibody level in the blood

  37. Rubella

  38. Hib – Vaccine for Haemophilus influenza • Haemophilius influenza type B • Licensed for use in children under the age of 5 years old • Mild symptoms • Redness around the injection site • Low grade fever • For many years it was believed that bactericidal antibody directed against PRP capsule ofH. influenzae type b was entirely responsible for host resistance to infection.

  39. Effects of Haemophilus influenza • High Fever • Swollen lymph nodes • Headache • Drowsiness • Irritability • Epigottitis • Osteomyelitis • Meningitis

  40. Pathogenicity • For many years it was believed that bactericidal antibody directed against PRP capsule of H. influenzae type b was entirely responsible for host resistance to infection.

  41. Vaccine type • Conjugate vaccine made by binding a polysaccharide to a protein

  42. Hib vaccine in the Americas

  43. Comparison of vaccinated and non vaccinated

  44. Hepatitis B • 300,000 people in the United States are infected with Hepatitis B • Affects the liver and can cause cirrhosis • Can also lead to liver cancer • Vaccine has had a significant impact • 10 million people have been vaccinated

  45. Transmission • Sexual contact • Breast milk • Serum ( used to be called serum Hepatitis

  46. Immune Response to Hepatitis B • Virions consist of an outer lipid envelope and an icosahedal core, the latter being composed of both protein and DNA. • The outer envelope contains embedded proteins which are involved in viral binding of, and release into, susceptible cells. • Virion shape is generally spherical with a diameter of 40 - 48 nanometers (nm) but pleomorphic forms exist, including filamentous and spherical bodies lacking a core. These "subviral" particles are not infectious

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