1. Personality • Psychoanalytic Perspective • Trait Perspective • Humanistic Perspective • Social-Cognitive Perspective • Personality Assessment

2. I. Psychoanalytic Perspective

3. Conclusions Freud Drew after Studying Conversion Disorder • There is an unconscious. • There are active processes of defense and repression. • Childhood sexuality is very important.

4. Psychoanalytic Personality Concepts • Levels of Awareness • Conscious • Preconscious • Un/Subconscious • Personality Structures • Id (pleasure principle) • Ego (reality principle • Superego (morality principle)

6. Conflict, Anxiety, & Defense • Anxiety: a warning signal that something bad is about to happen • Anxiety signals the ego to use defenses • Anxiety ~ air raid siren warning of an impending air attack • Ego defenses ~ anti-aircraft guns designed to combat the enemy planes

7. Ego Defense Mechanisms • Repression (The master defense):blocking mental content from conscious awareness • Regression • Reaction Formation • Projection • Rationalization • Displacement • Sublimation

8. Personality Development • Freud also had a stage model of psychosexual development (Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, & Genital) • Getting stuck in one of these stages is called “fixation” • More about an important stage: The Phallic Stage & the Oedipus & Electra Complexes • Identification resolves the conflict and results in the formation of the superego

10. II. Trait Perspective

11. The Five-Factor Theory Click here Click here Click here Click here Click here

12. Emotion-ally Unstable (neurotic) Eysenck’s Simpler Model Eysenck’s Theory of Personality Extraverted Introverted Click here Click here Click here Click here Emotionally Stable introversion ◄► extraversion neuroticism ◄► emotional stability

13. III. Humanistic Perspective

14. inherent goodness of people Humanistic Perspective healthy personality development self-awareness and free will human potential for psychological growth

15. Key Humanistic Concepts • Self-Concept: An organized set of beliefs that you hold about yourself. (Who are you? Describe yourself.) • Self-Esteem: One’s feelings of high or low self-worth (How do you feel about your self-concept?)

16. Trust their feelings/Intuitions Experience feelings intensely & deeply Accept and express all feelings Less likely to conform to social roles Present focused Honest & open Open to and learn from experience Constantly developing & growing Oriented towards fully living life Show care and concern for others Creative Rogers’ Fully-Functioning Person

17. Factors Contributing to Psychological Health • Unconditional Positive Regard/Acceptance • In contrast to Conditional Positive Regard • Empathy • Genuineness

18. IV. Social-Cognitive Perspective

19. Reciprocal Determinism Social-cognitive perspective; personalities are shaped by the interaction of our personal traits, our environment, and our behavior

20. Personal Control • Locus of Control (Rotter) • Internal versus external • Learned Helplessness (Seligman)

21. V. Personality Assessment • MMPI • Projective Tests

22. MMPI • Example of an “empirically derived” test • Questions “earn” their way onto the final test by statistically differentiating different groups of people (people with and without depression, people with and without schizophrenia, people with and without alcohol problems, etc…)

23. Simulated MMPI Items

24. Simulated MMPI Items

25. MMPI Clinical Scales

26. MMPI Clinical Scales

29. Projective Tests • Assume that people will reveal their (unconscious) personalities when they interpret ambiguous stimuli. • Examples: • Rorschach Inkblot Test • Thematic Apperception Test

30. What might this be?

32. Can someone tell a story about what’s going on in this picture?

33. Psychological Disorders • What Is a Mental Disorder? • History of Mental Disorders • Cultural Relativity of Abnormal Behavior • Classifying Mental Disorders • Anxiety Disorders • Mood Disorders • Dissociative Disorders • Schizophrenia

34. I. What Is a Mental Disorder?

35. The “Three Ds” of Abnormal Behavior • Distress (disturbing) • Dysfunction (maladaptive, unjustifiable) • Deviance (atypical)

36. II. History of Mental Disorders • Demonic Possession

37. Trephination

38. II. History of Mental Disorders • Demonic Possession • Biological Perspective • Psychological Perspective • Modern theorists combine the last two approaches with a social approach to create the bio-psycho-social perspective on mental disorders

39. III. Cultural Relativity of Abnormal Behavior

40. IV. Classifying Mental Disorders

41. V. Anxiety Disorders • Phobias • Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) • Panic Disorder • Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) • Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

42. VI. Mood Disorders • Major Depressive Disorder • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) • Dysthymic Disorder • Bipolar Disorder • Cyclothymic Disorder

43. Depressed mood Weight loss/gain Motor agitation or impairment Fatigue or loss of energy Feelings of worthlessness or guilt Change in sleep Concentration impairment Thoughts of death or suicide Loss of interest in previously pleasurable activities Symptoms of Depression(5/9 symptoms for at least 2 weeks)

44. Symptoms of Mania • Elevated, expansive or irritable mood for at least 1 week, plus at least three of the following: • Inflated self-esteem or grandiosity • More talkative or pressure to keep talking • Flight of ideas or racing thoughts • Increase in goal-directed activity • Excessive involvement in potentially dangerous activities

45. VII. Dissociative Disorders • Dissociation ~ forgetting or memory impairment • Most well known dissociative disorder: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID, a.k.a. multiple personality disorder)

46. VIII. Schizophrenia • Positive Symptoms • Delusions • Hallucinations • Disorganized sensations, thinking, speech, & behavior • Negative Symptoms • Flat Affect • Lack of Speech • Lack of Motivation

47. Therapies & Treatments • Psychoanalysis • Humanistic Therapies • Cognitive Therapies • Behavior Therapy • Couple, Family, & Group Therapies • Psychotherapy Effectiveness • Biomedical Therapies

48. I. Psychoanalysis

49. Ways of Accessing the Unconscious • Free Association • Dream Interpretation • Material in dreams is symbolic; dreams allow unconscious wish fulfillment • Transference • Client relates to therapist as if therapist were a significant person from the client’s past (mother, father, sibling) • Interpretations