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Understanding Cum Clauses in Latin: Definition and Examples

A "cum" clause in Latin is a subordinate clause that starts with "cum" and features a verb in the subjunctive mood. It describes the circumstances under which the main action occurs, translating to "when" in English. The imperfect subjunctive translates to "was/were," while the pluperfect subjunctive translates to "had." For example, "Quintus, cum de coniuratione audivisset, regem servavit" translates to "Quintus, when he had heard about the plot, saved the king." This guide offers an overview of cum clauses, including their structure and several illustrative examples.

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Understanding Cum Clauses in Latin: Definition and Examples

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  1. Cum Clauses Clauses that start with “cum”

  2. What is a cum clause, you ask • A clause (you know, subject, verb, complete thought) • Starts with “cum” • Has a verb in the subjunctive • Tells circumstances under which the main action happens

  3. Translating cum clauses “cum” translates as “when” Imperfect Subjunctives translate with “was/were” Pluperfect Subjunctives translate with “had”

  4. In exempla Quintus, cum de coniuratione audivisset, regem servavit. Quintus, when he had heard about the plot, saved the king. cum in villā dormiremus, Modestus et Strythio fūgerunt. When we were sleeping in the house, Modestus and Strythio fled. cum Grumio cenam paravisset, puerī id in triclinium tulerunt. When Grumio had prepared dinner, the boys brought it into the dining room.

  5. cum gladiatores animalia pugnarent, spectatores plauserunt. When the gladiators were fighting the animals, the spectators applauded. cum Quintus ursam regem petentem spectavisset, se in ursam iactavit. When Quintus had seen the bear attacking the king, he threw himself on the bear.

  6. vir, cum in tablinō scriberet, infantem ululantem audivit. The man, when he was writing in the study, heard the baby crying. hostis, cum nos vīdisset, nos petivit. The enemy, when he had seen us, attacked us.

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