Fossil Fuels

1. Think..Pair..Share Electricity Nuclear Fuel Free Write Coal Oil Energy Fossil Fuels

2. Energy Chapter 11

3. Ch.11, Section 1 Fossil Fuels to Electricity

4. Fossil Fuels: • The remains of ancient organisms that changed into coal, oil, or natural gas. • Are rich in carbon compounds, which contain a lot of stored energy in their molecular bonds…burning the fossil fuels releases this energy in the form of heat. • Most of the energy we use comes from this natural resource of fossil fuels. • There are two main problems with fossil fuels • 1. The supply of fossil fuels is limited • 2. Obtaining and using fossil fuels has environmental consequences that are negative

5. Fuels for different uses: • Fuels are used for 4 main purposes: • 1. Transportation • 2. Manufacturing • 3. Heating &Cooling Buildings • 4. Generating Electricity • The suitability of a fuel for each application depends on the fuel’s energy content, cost, availability, safety, and byproducts of the fuel’s use.

6. Electricity-Power on DemandEnergy in fuels is often converted into electrical energy in order to power machines. • Electricity is often more convenient to use than other types of energy • Can be transported quickly across great distances • Difficult to store • Other energy sources have to be used to generate it Advantages Disadvantages

7. How is electricity generated? • Electric generator: • A machine that converts mechanical energy, or motion, into electrical energy. • Generators produce electrical energy by moving and electrically conductive material within a magnetic field. • Most commercial electric generators convert the movement of a turbine into electrical energy. • Turbine: • A wheel that changes the force of a moving gas or a liquid into energy that can do work. • In most power plants, water is boiled to produce the steam that turns the turbine. • The turbine spins a generator to produce electricity.

8. Energy USe Everything from the food you eat to the clothes you wear requires energy to produce. Furthermore, the price of nearly every product or service that you use reflects the cost of energy.

9. Energy Use • World Patterns: • People in developed societies use much more energy than people in developing countries do. • However, energy in developing countries is growing rapidly. • USEnergyUse • The US uses more energy per person than any other country in the world except Canada and the United Arab Emirates. • US energy use: • 38% Industrial • 27% Transportation • 19% Residential • 16% Commercial

10. Coal Most of the world’s fossil-fuel reserves are made up of coal. The US with about 22% of the world’s known coal reserves, has enough coal to last about 400 years at the current rate of consumption. • Two major advantages of coal are: • It is relatively inexpensive to mine • It needs little refining after it has been mined. *More than half of the electricity generated in the US comes from coal-fired power plants.

11. PetroleumAKA “crude oil” • Oil that is pumped from the ground • Anything that is made from crude oil, such as fuels, chemicals, and plastics, is called a petroleum product. • Petroleum accounts for 45% of the world’s commercial energy use.

12. Oil and the Environment • When petroleum fuels are burned, they release pollutants. • These pollutants contribute to the formation of smog and cause health problems • Also, OIL SPILLS are a potential environmental problem of oil use (like the one in our Gulf of Mexico) • While oil spills are dramatic, much more oil pollution comes from everyday sources, such as leaking cars.

13. Objectives:2.) Evaluate various fossil fuels for their effectiveness as energy resources.• Describing the formation and use of nonrenewable fossil fuels • Identifying by-products of the combustion of fossil fuels, including particulates, mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide • Identifying chemical equations associated with the combustion of fossil fuels • Describing benefits of abundant, affordable energy to mankind • Identifying effects of fossil fuel by-products on the environment, including ozone depletion; formation of acid rain, brown haze, and greenhouse gases; and concentration of particulates and heavy metals3.) Evaluate other sources of energy for their effectiveness as alternatives to fossil fuels.• Comparing nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions in the production of energy • Comparing energy production and waste output in generating nuclear energy • Differentiating between renewable and nonrenewable energy resources • Identifying local energy sources Examples: landfill gas, wind, water, sun• Identifying ways the law of conservation of energy relates to fuel consumption Examples: development of hybrid cars, construction of energy-efficient homes Today: Pick up the Active Read from the back counter and complete. Keep at your desk. Continue Notes: Nuclear Energy Nuclear Energy Word Search Race Complete Vocabulary Foldable and Work on Homework

14. Ch.11, Section 2 Nuclear Energy

15. Nuclear Energy • The energy within the nucleus of an atom. • In nuclear power plants, atoms of the element uranium are used as the fuel.

16. Advantages of Nuclear Energy • Nuclear fuel is a very concentrated energy source • Nuclear power plants do not produce air-polluting gases • Nuclear plants that are run correctly release less radioactivity than coal-fired power plants do

17. Fission: Splitting atoms The nuclei of uranium atoms are bombarded with neutrons, and these collisions cause the nuclei to split in a process called nuclear fission. Nuclear fission releases a tremendous amount of energy and more neutrons, which in turn collide with more uranium nuclei. If a fission reaction is allowed to continue, this chain reaction will escalate quickly. One example of an uncontrolled fission reaction is the explosion of an atomic bomb. In contrast, nuclear power stations are designed so that the chain reaction produces a controllable level of energy. The heat released during nuclear reactions is used to generate electricity in the same way that power plants burn fossil fuels to generate electricity. As energy is released, it heats a closed loop of water, and the steam produced from the heated water causes a steam turbine to turn and produce electricity.

18. Disadvantages of Nuclear Energy • Building and maintaining a safe reactor is very expensive • Finding a safe place for the radioactive wastes of nuclear reactions to be stored is difficult (remains radioactive for thousands of years, so place stored must be able to contain it that long) • Safety Concerns: in a poorly designed nuclear plant, the fission process can potentially get out of control. This normally only happens with older designs or if there is a human error.

19. Chernobyl-1986 • The former Soviet Union has experienced at least two major nuclear accidents…one occurred at a plant in the Ural Mountains in 1957 and was kept a secret and the other occurred at Chernobyl in 1986 and is well known… • Engineers at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant turned off most of the reactor’s safety devices while they conducted an unauthorized test • This test caused massive explosions that demolished the reactor and the surrounding structure an blasted tons of hazardous materials high into the air • Radioactivity contaminated thousands of square kilometers of land…Hundreds of firefighters and other workers died from radiation exposure, and thousands more may contract cancers as a result of their exposure to high levels of radiation. • The Chernobyl reactor was an obsolete type that, for safety reasons, is not used in the United States. In addition, the operators at Chernobyl violated basic safety guidelines.

20. Three Mile Island-1979 • In the US, the most serious nuclear accident occurred in 1979 at the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant, in Pennsylvania • Human error, combined with blocked valves and broken pumps, was responsible for this accident • Fortunately, only a small amount of radioactive gases escaped the containment structure • Since the accident at Three Mile Island, the Nuclear Regulatory Commission has required more than 300 safety improvements to nuclear power plants

21. The future of nuclear power: Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion occurs when lightweight atomic nuclei combine to form a heavier nucleus and release tremendous amounts of energy. Nuclear fusion is the process that powers the stars, including our sun. It is potentially safer than nuclear fission, but for fusion to occur, atomic nuclei must be heated to extremely high temperatures (180,000,000 F). Achieving this and other necessary conditions for nuclear fusion is extremely difficult.

22. Objectives:2.) Evaluate various fossil fuels for their effectiveness as energy resources.• Describing the formation and use of nonrenewable fossil fuels • Identifying by-products of the combustion of fossil fuels, including particulates, mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide • Identifying chemical equations associated with the combustion of fossil fuels • Describing benefits of abundant, affordable energy to mankind • Identifying effects of fossil fuel by-products on the environment, including ozone depletion; formation of acid rain, brown haze, and greenhouse gases; and concentration of particulates and heavy metals3.) Evaluate other sources of energy for their effectiveness as alternatives to fossil fuels.• Comparing nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions in the production of energy • Comparing energy production and waste output in generating nuclear energy • Differentiating between renewable and nonrenewable energy resources • Identifying local energy sources Examples: landfill gas, wind, water, sun• Identifying ways the law of conservation of energy relates to fuel consumption Examples: development of hybrid cars, construction of energy-efficient homes Today: Complete your Vocabulary Foldable Pick up a Pink HW Checklist from the back counter and begin working on Section 1 & 2 or Review your Vocabulary words Vocabulary Quiz! Continue Notes Begin NOVA: Saved by the Sun

23. Ch.11, Section 3 A Sustainable Energy Future

24. Two Main Ways to Reduce Energy use: • Lifestyle changes • Walking or biking for short trips • Using mass transit if in larger areas • Increases in energy efficiency • Energy efficiency is the percentage of energy put into a system that does useful work • Energy efficiency= energy out/energy in x 100

25. Energy Conservation • Simply means “saving energy” which can occur in many ways such as using energy efficient devices and wasting less energy • Ways you can save energy: • Walk or ride a bike for short trips • Carpool or use public transportation when possible • Drive a fuel efficient vehicle • Choose “Energy Star” products • Recycle and choose recycled products whenever possible • Set computers to “sleep” mode when they are not in use

26. Renewable Energy • Energy from sources that are constantly being formed. • Examples: • Sun • Wind Energy • Moving Water • Earth’s Heat

27. Solar Energy • Power from the sun • The sun is a medium sized star that radiates energy from nuclear fusion reaction in its core. • Clean, safe, and renewable! • Only a small fraction of the sun’s energy reaches the Earth, but it is enough energy to power the wind, plant growth, and the water cycle. • Nearly all renewable energy comes directly or indirectly from the sun.

28. Two Types of Solar Heating • Uses the sun’s energy to heat something directly • Example: A building having large windows that faced the sun and used the sun’s heat to regulate building temperature along with thick insulation to prevent heat loss. Passive solar buildings are oriented according to the yearly movement of the sun. • Energy from the sun that is gathered by collectors and used to heat water or to heat a building. • Solar cells (photovoltaic cells) convert the sun’s energy into electricity-invented over 120 years ago! Passive Solar Heating Active Solar Heating

29. Problems with solar Energy • The main problem is that solar energy systems require sunny weather to work • Few regions can count on extended periods of clear skies • Also, there is only so much energy that can be extracted from a given amount of sunlit surface • To meet the electricity needs of even a small city would required covering hundreds of acres with expensive solar cells…then, even in optimum weather, the system would work for only a few hours a day…backup generators would be needed to supply electricity during “off hours”

30. Objectives:2.) Evaluate various fossil fuels for their effectiveness as energy resources.• Describing the formation and use of nonrenewable fossil fuels • Identifying by-products of the combustion of fossil fuels, including particulates, mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide • Identifying chemical equations associated with the combustion of fossil fuels • Describing benefits of abundant, affordable energy to mankind • Identifying effects of fossil fuel by-products on the environment, including ozone depletion; formation of acid rain, brown haze, and greenhouse gases; and concentration of particulates and heavy metals3.) Evaluate other sources of energy for their effectiveness as alternatives to fossil fuels.• Comparing nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions in the production of energy • Comparing energy production and waste output in generating nuclear energy • Differentiating between renewable and nonrenewable energy resources • Identifying local energy sources Examples: landfill gas, wind, water, sun• Identifying ways the law of conservation of energy relates to fuel consumption Examples: development of hybrid cars, construction of energy-efficient homes Today: Pick up the “Catching Some Rays” Article and Questions from the back counter and Complete Complete the NOVA: Saved by the Sun Video

31. Renewable Energy • Last week we discussed solar energy and watched a video describing solar energy as a renewable resource, its benefits, & its disadvantages. • What other renewable energies do you know about? Why are we or aren’t we using them locally or on a large scale? Write your answers on a scratch sheet of paper. • After you answer bullet #2, pick up the Active Read from the back counter and complete.

32. Objectives:2.) Evaluate various fossil fuels for their effectiveness as energy resources.• Describing the formation and use of nonrenewable fossil fuels • Identifying by-products of the combustion of fossil fuels, including particulates, mercury, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, and carbon dioxide • Identifying chemical equations associated with the combustion of fossil fuels • Describing benefits of abundant, affordable energy to mankind • Identifying effects of fossil fuel by-products on the environment, including ozone depletion; formation of acid rain, brown haze, and greenhouse gases; and concentration of particulates and heavy metals3.) Evaluate other sources of energy for their effectiveness as alternatives to fossil fuels.• Comparing nuclear fission and nuclear fusion reactions in the production of energy • Comparing energy production and waste output in generating nuclear energy • Differentiating between renewable and nonrenewable energy resources • Identifying local energy sources Examples: landfill gas, wind, water, sun• Identifying ways the law of conservation of energy relates to fuel consumption Examples: development of hybrid cars, construction of energy-efficient homes Today: What do you know about renewable energy bellringer Active Read Complete Ch.11 Notes Outline “Revving Up Green Machines” Article with Questions.

33. Wind PowerCheap & Abundant • Wind power, which converts the movement of wind into electric energy, is the fastest growing energy source in the world. • New wind turbines are cost effective and can be constructed in 3 months which caused the world production of electricity from wind power QUADRUPLE between 1995 & 2000 • Wind Farms: • Large arrays of wind turbines in one area

34. Disadvantages of Wind Power • Few regions have winds strong or consistent enough to make wind generators economical • Large commercial wind generators may not be attractive to the landscape • At full speed, they can be very noisy • The blades of large wind generators can also interfere with microwave communications • While wind energy may never be a major source of energy, it is a practical alternative in some areas.

35. Hydroelectricity:Power from Moving water • Hydroelectric energy is a renewable resource that accounts for 20% of the world’s electricity. • A dam releases water, the moving water turns the turbine, that spins the magnet, that generates electricity.

36. Hydroelectricity • Inexpensive to operate • Does not release air pollution unlike other energy sources • Last longer than fossil-fuel powered plants • Dams provide other benefits: flood control & water for drinking, agriculture, industry, and recreation • A dam changes a river’s flow • A reservoir floods large areas of habitat above the dam • A dam can affect the land below (by slowing the river, we limit nutrients that travel downstream) Advantages Disadvantages

37. Geothermal energy:Power from the Earth • The energy from heat in the Earth’s crust • Geothermal power plants pump heated water or steam from rock formations to power a turbine and generate electricity (and usually water is returned to the Earth’s crust where it can be heated and used again). • The largest geothermal power plant is “The Geysers” in California, which produces electricity for about 1.7 million households.

38. Biomass:Power from living things • Plant material (especially wood), manure, and any other organic matter that is used as an energy source is called a biomass fuel. • Examples: • Methane • When bacteria decomposes organic wastes, methane gas is one of the byproducts. Methane can be burned to generate heat or electricity • Alcohol • Liquid fuels can also be derived from biomass. Ethanol can be made by fermenting fruit or agricultural waste.

39. Hydrogen • Is the most plentiful substance on the Earth’s surface. • Every molecule of water is made up of 2 hydrogen atoms (and 1 oxygen atom) • When separated from oxygen, hydrogen is a clean-burning gas that has great promise as a fuel for the future • The average internal-combustion engine can run on hydrogen gas without major modification • Hydrogen is also a nonpolluting fuel since the product of hydrogen combustion is only water!

40. Drawbacks to Hydrogen • Separating hydrogen from oxygen requires energy • Once hydrogen is separated, it is difficult to store in useful concentrations • In its simple gaseous state, hydrogen is not concentrated enough…even a small engine would quickly use up the hydrogen contained in a fuel tank

41. NOVA: Future of Cars • Write the following questions on your own paper to answer during the video: • What is wrong with the way we fuel cars today? • What were the “big ideas” for fueling cars in the future? • Do you believe that we will actually accomplish these models?