1. World War Looms

2. Failures of WWI Peace Settlement • Germany felt Treaty of Versailles was unfair • Russia resented their land was taken away to form Poland & Lithuania • Treaty left war-torn nations to rebuild on their own • Gave new democracies little chance at survival • What took place as democracy collapsed?

3. Treaty of Versailles

4. Stalin & the Soviet Union • 1922: Revolutions in Russia gave way to a Communist state • Soviet Union • 1924: Joseph Stalin took control of the gov’t • Focused on creating a model Communist state

5. Stalin & SU contd • 1927: Stamped out all private enterprise • Production only under state control • 1928: Goal- turn SU into great industrial power • To accomplish goals the Soviet became a police state

6. Fascism in Italy • 1919: Benito Mussolini began his rise to power • Many people who feared communism became supporters of Mussolini • 1935: Fascist Part established & won 35 seats in Italian Parliament FACISM: strong centralized govt headed by a dictator

7. Nazis take over Germany • 1919: Adolf Hitler joined the Nazi party, soon became leader or Fuhrer • Mein Kamf (My Struggle) • March 1932: Hitler won more votes than any other party • Jan. 1933: appointed Chancellor • Once in power democratic govt dismantled • Third Reich established

8. Japan • Militaristic leaders take over • Shared Hitler’s belief in more living space • 1931: Surprise invasion of Manchuria • First test for League of Nations • Report condemned Japan • Japan simply quit League

9. League of Nations Remember: League was set up after WWI, designed by Pres. Wilson, to be a place where nations could solve issues diplomatically, not war.

10. League of Nations Failure Hitler begins his “imperialist moves” • 1933: Hitler pulled Germany out of League • 1935: Began military build up • Sent troops into the Rhineland (forbidden by Versailles) • Signed Rome-Berlin Axis Pact • Mussolini began building his own Roman Empire • June 1936: Ethiopia fell to Italy • “It is us today, it will be you tomorrow” Ethiopian Emperor

11. America Responds • Americans had strong anti-war feelings • 1937: poll 70% of Americans believed they should not have entered WWI

12. Breakdown • America took sides when Hitler & Mussolini began to aid Spain • Supported Franco with • Troops, weapons, & fighter planes • 1939: Spain established a Fascist govt. with the help of Hitler and Mussolini. • Spain now was led by Francisco Franco.

13. Austria • Feb 1938: Hitler met with Austrian chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg • Schuschnigg was bullied into signing a pact that brought Austrian Nazis into his govt. • March 12, 1938: German troops forced chancellor to resign • Hitler marched troops into Austria and took it over.

14. Sudetenland • At the end of WWI the Sudetenland was joined to Czechoslovakia • Mountainous region with 3 million German speaking people • Originally was a part of Germany

15. Munich Conference • Spring 1938: Hitler charged the Czechs with abusing Sudeten Germans • France & GB promised to protect Czechoslovakia • Just before war broke Hitler called a meeting in Munich • Edouard Daladier - French Premier • Neville Chamberlain- British PM

16. Munich Conference • Hitler claimed Sudetenland would be his last territorial claim • September 1938: Munich Pact signed • Turned Sudenland over to Hitler w/o a shot fired

17. Reactions: Appeasement • Neville Chamberlain returned home claiming “peace in our time” • Britain rejoiced except for Winston Churchill

18. German Offensive Begins March 1939:Hitler broke the Munich Pact & seized control of Czechoslovakia

19. Poland • Charged with the same mistreatment of Germans • Both France & GB promised aid • People didn’t think Hitler was serious because of the Soviet’s location to Poland • Stalin did not want war with Germany • August 1939: The SU & Germany signed a non-agression pact • Also signed a secret pact: agreeing to divide Poland between them

20. Poland

21. Invasion of Poland August 31, 1939: Hitler fabricated a fake attack on a German radio station near Polish border. (Actually SS troops) Hitler invaded Poland the next day Sept. 1, 1939

22. Invasion of Poland • Germany used the “Blitzkrieg” or “lightning War” • Sept. 1, 1939: German war planes flew over Poland dropping bombs & tanks rolled over the country side • Britain & France declared war on Germany Sept. 3 Sept. 1939: Nazi soldiers marching through Warsaw

23. Poland • Germany tested a new strategy- Blitzkrieg or lightning war • By the end of Sept. Poland ceased to exist

24. Invasion of Poland

25. Europe 1939

26. Axis PowersJapan, Germany, & Italy • Tripartite Pact -each Axis nation agreed to come to the aid of the other incase of attack

27. The Phony War • Countries expect & braced for heavy combat • Troops sat & waited in peace for more than 6 month • British newspapers called it the “sitzkrieg”

28. Phony War Ends • Germany broke the peace by taking countries it lost in WWI • By the end of May Germany took … • Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, Belgium & Luxembourg

29. Fall of France Before the war France fortified itself at the Maginot Line

30. Fall of France • Invasion of Belgium threatened France • Hitler sent forces to France • Think Schlieffen Plan from WWI • Used Blitzkrieg • Allied forces fled to Dunkirk • “Miracle at Dunkirk” • Italy invaded from the south

31. Fall of France • June 1940:Germany reached Paris • Hitler handed over his terms of surrender • Germans occupy Northern France • Nazi-controlled puppet govt. in S. France called the Vichey Government.

32. Hitler in Paris • What a scary sight:

33. France • General Charles DeGaule • Fled to England • Set up French govt in exile

34. Britain Stands Alone “ I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat” Winston Churchill. May 1940: Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister

35. Battle of Britain • Summer- Fall 1940 • The Blitz • Operation Sea Lion • Luftwaffe or German Airforce • Goal: gain control of the skies • On a single day 1,000 planes would bomb England

36. Battle of Britain Targets: • Airfields, aircraft & eventually cities • RAF: fought back with help of radar Royal Air Force (RAF)

37. The London “Tube” Air Raid shelters during the “blitz”

38. Battle of Britain • With radar, British planes destroyed many German aircraft. • This forced Hitler to cancel his invasion of Britain and turn to attack the Soviet Union

39. Non-Aggression • June 1941- Hitler ignored his pact with Stalin and invaded the Soviet • Soviets carried out a slash and burn policy to keep up a fight against Hitler • FDR started sending supplies to Stalin

42. U-Boat Attacks • British & Soviet supplies from America were being destroyed by U-boats • Wolf-packs: 15 to 20 U-boat groups • April-May 1941: Germans sank 1.2 million tons of British shipping • June 1941: FDR orders the Navy to protect shipments • Permission to attack U-boats in self defense

44. Atlantic Charter • FDR & Winston Churchill met secretly to form a declaration of war principles • Atlantic Charter spelled out causes for which WWII was fought

45. Operation Barbarossa:Hitler’s Biggest Mistake • Hitler’s attack on the USSR • -June 22, 1941 • -Hitler’s racist policies would not allow him to remain loyal to Stalin • -By Dec 1941, failure for Germany • -Largest Military Op in history: manpower, area, casualties • -A turning point in the War.

46. Barbarossa

47. North African Campaign • Operation Torch • British/American invasion of North Africa • -Allies plan assault on weakest Axis area - North Africa - Nov. 1942-May 1943 • -George S. Patton leads American troops • -Germans trapped in Tunisia - surrender over 275,000 troops.

48. North African Campaign The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 • Gen. Ernst Rommel,The “Desert Fox” Gen. Bernard LawMontgomery(“Monty”)

49. Italian Campaign • Battle for Sicily, June 1943 Gen. George S. Patton

50. Italian Campaign • Battle of Monte Cassino, Feb. 1944 • Goal: Liberate Rome • Monastery destroyed • Germans flee May 18 • Rome captured June 4, 1944