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Trail of Tears. Cherokee culture…. Before contact, Cherokee culture had developed and thrived for almost 1,000 years in the southeastern United States--the lower Appalachian states of Georgia, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and parts of Kentucky and Alabama. Background information.
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Cherokee culture… • Before contact, Cherokee culture had developed and thrived for almost 1,000 years in the southeastern United States--the lower Appalachian states of Georgia, Tennessee, North and South Carolina, and parts of Kentucky and Alabama.
Background information • Since first contact with European explorers in the 1500s, the Cherokee Nation had been recognized as one of the most progressive among American Indian tribes. • What does the term progressive mean?
Cherokee life until 1710… • Life of the traditional Cherokee remained unchanged as late as 1710, which is marked as the beginning of Cherokee trade with the whites.
Frontier contact… • The period of frontier contact from 1540-1786, was marked by white expansion and the cession of Cherokee lands to the colonies in exchange for trade goods
Cherokee interaction… • After contact, the Cherokees acquired many traits of their white neighbors • Some even intermarried. • Soon they had shaped a government and a society that matched the most "civilized" of the time. • What is meant by civilized?
Sequoyah • Cherokee culture continued to flourish with the invention of the Cherokee alphabet by Sequoyah in 1821.
Cherokee migration… • Migration from the original Cherokee Nation began in the early 1800s as Cherokees wary of white encroachment moved west
A government decision… • The white communities turned on their Native American neighbors • The U.S. Government decided it was time for the Cherokees to leave behind their farms, their land and their homes • What was the reason for this sudden change of heart?
Indian Removal Act • In 1830 the Congress of the United States passed the "Indian Removal Act." • Although many Americans were against the act, most notably Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett, it passed anyway.
The bill became law • President Jackson quickly signed the bill into law. • The Cherokees attempted to fight removal legally (the white man’s way) • by challenging the removal laws in the Supreme Court • by establishing an independent Cherokee Nation. • They followed the laws set by the white man
Court ruling… • In 1832, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the Cherokee • Worcester v. Georgia • In this case, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Cherokee Nation was sovereign, making the removal laws invalid. • The Cherokee would have to agree to removal in a treaty. The treaty then would have to be ratified by the Senate.
Reaction to the Court’s Decision • “Chief Justice John Marshall has made his decision. Now let him enforce it.” • Andrew Jackson • What is wrong with this statement?
A divided nation… • By 1835 the Cherokee were divided and leaderless • Most supported Principal Chief John Ross, who fought the encroachment of whites
The will of a minority • However, a minority (less than 500 out of 17,000 Cherokee in North Georgia) followed Major Ridge, his son John, and Elias Boudinot, who advocated removal.
Removing the Cherokees… • The Treaty of New Echota, signed by Ridge and members of the Treaty Party in 1835, gave Jackson the legal document he needed to remove the First Americans. • Jackson was able to make this legal!!!
Ratification of the treaty… • Ratification of the treaty by the United States Senate sealed the fate of the Cherokee. • Among the few who spoke out against the ratification were Daniel Webster and Henry Clay, but it passed by a single vote.
The removal of the Native Americans began… • In 1838 the United States began the removal of Native Americans • to Oklahoma, • fulfilling a promise the government made to the minors and settlers in Georgia • Why did the whites want this land?
General Wool protested the move…. • General John Wool was ordered to move on the Cherokee • He did not agree with this order • He resigned his command in protest, delaying the action. • People knew what was happening was wrong.. Yet..
The invasion of the Cherokee nation…. • Some men wanted to advance their careers • His replacement, General Winfield Scott, arrived at New Echota on May 17, 1838 with 7000 men. • Early that summer General Scott and the United States Army began the invasion of the Cherokee Nation.
Marching to Oklahoma…. • In one of the saddest episodes of our brief history, men, women, and children were taken from their land, placed in makeshift forts with very little supplies and food, then forced to march a thousand miles, • US troops moved 18,000 Cherokee at gunpoint 800 miles from 1838-1839 • 25% of Cherokee died - most elderly and children
Loss of life • Under army commanders (who did not care about the Cherokee people), human losses for the first groups of Cherokee removed were extremely high. • Any loss of life by forcibly removing them from their land is wrong!!!
Reorganization of Cherokees into smaller groups • John Ross made an urgent appeal to Scott, requesting that the general let his people lead the tribe west. General Scott agreed. • Ross organized the Cherokee into smaller groups and let them move separately through the wilderness so they could forage for food.
Arriving in Oklahoma • The parties under Ross’ control left in early fall, and arrived in Oklahoma during the brutal winter of 1838-39 • He significantly reduced the loss of life among his people. • About 4,000 Cherokee died as a result of the removal.
The Trail Where They Cried • The route they traveled and the journey itself became known as "The Trail of Tears" or, as a direct translation from Cherokee, "The Trail Where They Cried" ("Nunna daul Tsuny").
April 1839 • Cherokees built houses, cleared land, planted crops and began to rebuild their nation. • Let’s look at the land they were given: • Oklahoma!! • Is this land suitable for farming? • Thanks America, for giving the Cherokee this wonderful opportunity!!
Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians • Those who were able to hide in the mountains of North Carolina or who agreed to exchange Cherokee citizenship for U.S. citizenship, later became the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians of Cherokee, N.C. • The descendants of the survivors of the Trail of Tears comprise today's Cherokee Nation with membership of more than 165,000.
Lasting Effect • Because of the tragedy that Andrew Jackson caused these people, some refuse to hold a $20 bill • They take two tens instead • Some called for his status as President to have an asterisk next to it, indicating he should have been impeached
Trail of Tears Assignment • Write a three entry diary about your experiences on the Trail of Tears and how your life was/will be affected by the move from Georgia to Oklahoma. • Each entry must be at least 5 paragraphs long • Entry One - Before you leave (court case) • Entry Two - On the Trail (struggles during the trip) • Entry Three - When you arrive in “Indian” Territory (how life has changed) • Details earn points - Create a cover, show emotion, fear, pain; use colorful adjectives and adverbs • Due:
