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AP Exam Review

This comprehensive guide covers various literary terms such as synecdoche, litotes, chiasmus, and aphorism, providing examples and explanations to enhance your understanding of figurative language and rhetoric in literature.

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AP Exam Review

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  1. AP Exam Review • Literary Terms

  2. Synecdoche • Figurative language in which part of the whole is used to represent the whole/entire object • Car=“Wheels” • King/Rule=“Crown” or “Throne”

  3. Litotes • An understatement in which an idea is expressed by negating its opposite • i.e. describing a horrifying scene by saying “It was not a pretty picture.”

  4. Chiasmus • A statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed • i.e. Susan walked in, and out rushed Mary.

  5. Ellipsis • The omission of a word or phrase which is grammatically necessary but can be deduced from context • i.e. Some people prefer cats; others, dogs.

  6. Paradox • An apparently contradictory statement that contains some truth • i.e.: I can resist anything but temptation

  7. Syllepsis • A sentence construction in which one word is used in two senses • i.e. After he threw the ball, he threw a fit. • "When I address Fred I never have to raise either my voice or my hopes."(E.B. White, "Dog Training") • “She blew my nose and then she blew my mind."(Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, "Honky Tonk Woman")

  8. Aphorism • A concise saying that expresses a truth or idea, often using rhyme or balance • i.e.: “Early to bed, early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.” (B.Franklin)

  9. Metonymy • Figurative language in which the name of an object is substituted for another object that is closely associated with it • i.e. The pen (writing) is mightier than the sword (violence)

  10. Anaphora • Repetition of words or phrases at the beginning of consecutive lines or sentences. • MLK Jr.’s “I have a dream” speech

  11. Euphemism • An indirect and less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant • i.e.: “passed away” or “departed” instead or “died” • “letting someone go” instead or “firing”

  12. Apostrophe • A figure of speech in which one directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or some abstraction (speaking to death or love)

  13. Allusion • A reference to another literary work or historical event • Most common references are to the Bible, Shakespeare, or Mythology • Edgar Allan Poe’s “The Raven” • Pallas=Athena=goddess of wisdom

  14. Satire • A literary work in which human vice or folly is attacked through irony, derision, or wit; the goal is to change the behavior/issue • i.eBrave New World; Animal Farm

  15. Denotation vs. Connotation • 1: The dictionary definition of a word • 2: The implied or associative meanings of a word

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