1. Chapter 24 The Transformation of Europe 1500-1800

2. The Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Particularly bothered by the sale of indulgences • Reflected what was becoming more common thinking (95 Theses) • Emphasis on Bible as the only source of religious authority • Many German states joined due to resentment of papal supremacy

3. Reform Throughout Europe • Reformation spread throughout Europe • popular in the Netherlands and Switzerland • Banned in Italy, France, and Spain • England – banned than required by Henry VIII • Anglican Church • Theology – little difference

4. John Calvin (1509-1564) • France and parts of Switzerland • 1530’s – converted to Protestantism • Developed Protestant community in Geneve, Switz. • Very strict morality (no dancing or laughing with your mouth open) • Gained a following in the Netherlands and Scotland

5. The Catholic Reformation(for every reaction there is an equal and opposite reaction) • Equal parts reform and re-justification • Council of Trent (1545-1563) • Reformed abuses • Reaffirmed and explained aspects of Catholic doctrine and dogma • Demanded stronger morality from church clergy • The Jesuits – founded 1540 • Society of Jesus, founded by (St) Ignatius Loyala • Highly educated and devout Catholics • Effective missionaries and political advisors

6. Non-religious Implications of the Protestant Reformation • Rulers established what ever religion for whatever reasons motivated them • Decrease in power of the church, increase in power of the monarchs

7. HRE & Charles V • Increased power of Hapsburg family • Charles V inherited most of Europe and much of the new world • Chance for empire handicapped by Protestant Reformation • Ruled each realm separately • Seeming lack of ambition • Foreign challenges • French attempts to prevent a strong HRE • Ottoman siege of Vienna 1529 • Abdicated in 1556 • Split holdings between his son and brother

8. Constitutional States • Thirty Years War led gov’ts to • Either shared power with a legislative body • Or became more autocractic

9. England • Representative gov’t after civil war (1642-1649) • Religious and political motives • Increased Puritan (Calvinist) mov’t • Charles I v. Parliament • 1649 Charles I captured and executed • Cromwell - “Lord Protector” • Puritan leader • Unpopular leader • 1660 - Charles II restored

10. Glorious Revolution (1688-1689) • James II evicted • William & Mary assume throne • Had to sign Bill of Rights - limited monarchy

11. The New Monarchs • Europe dominated by England, France, & Spain • 1400’s/1500’s thrones held by “centralizing” monarchs • Henry VIII of England • Severed ties with RCC • Confiscated church lands for income • Louis XI/Francis I of France • Fernando & Isabella of Spain • All increased revenues through taxes, fines, and/or fees • Large state owned armies

12. The Spanish Inquisition • 1478 – created with papal support • Sought to rid Spain of non-Catholics • Became greatly feared – role exaggerated • Prevented Protestantism from gaining strong foothold in Spain

13. Witch Hunts • More likely to occur during periods of conflict • 110,000 trials, 60,000 executions 15 & 1600’s • Easy scapegoats, “easy” victims

14. Religious Wars • Decades of war between and within countries • Spanish Armada -1588 • Revolt of the Netherlands against Spain -1567 • 1610 – creation of the Netherlands & Belgium • The Thirty Years War (1618-1648) • Began with conflict between HRE & Bohemia (Czech Rep) • Joined by Spanish, French, Dutch, German, Swedes, Poles, & Russians – sides kept rearranging • Phenomenally destructive

15. The Dutch Republic • 1567 Philip II tired to suppress Calvinism • 1581 rebels proclaimed United Provinces • Set up a republic • Independence not recognized until 1600’s

16. France • Divine right monarchy • Largely created by Cardinal Richelieu (pm - 1624-42) • Expansive bureaucracy - middle class • Systematically excluded nobility from power • The Sun King - Louis XIV (r.1643-1715) • Palace of Versailles • Expensive and time consuming court • Kept large standing army

17. Russia - Absolutism • Romanov Czars (1613-1917) • Largest European state • Peter I (4.1682-1725) • Wanted to westernize Russia • Reformed army • Built St. Petersburg • Catherine the Great (r. 1762-1796) • More efficient gov’t • Varied attempts at social reform • Gained warm water port • Turned against reform with outbreak of French Revolution

18. European States System • Peace of Westphalia (1648) • Ended Thirty Years War • First major international peace treaty • Did not end war in Europe by any means • Balance of Power • Increased desire/motivation for improving military technology • Will give Europe a military edge over other major civilizations

19. Early Capitalism • Population • New food crops • Decreasing death rate • Urbanization - esp. capitals • Free Market/Capitalism • Supply and demand • Insurance • Joint stock companies • Capitalism rec’d government support • Reduced influence of guilds, increased capitalism • “putting out system”

20. Social Change • Increased money from wages • Decreasing dependence on collective group • Increased standard of living • Serfdom remained in Russia, discouraged agriculture • Moral/ethical problems • No safety net system • Increased in crime rate • Increased wealth gap • Nuclear v. extended family