Renaissance & First Global Age

1. Renaissance & First Global Age Review 3 Practice Questions come from 2010-2014

2. Renaissance Europe • Began in Italy due to coast for trade, Byzantine monks fled from Constantinople bringing Greek/Roman ideas • Humanism – new way of thinking that emphasized reasoning and logic; new secular interests • Protestant Reformation • Scientific Revolution • Commercial Revolution • Age of Exploration • Enlightenment • Art that moves away from purely religious themes – Leonardo da Vinci (Mona Lisa, inventor and artist), Michelangelo (Sistine Chapel), Botticelli (Birth of Venus) – depicting nudes, human anatomy, portraiture – use oil and linear perspective (Brunelleschi) • Vernacularliterature replaces solely in Latin (Shakespeare)

3. Protestant Reformation • Martin Luther wrote 95 Thesis to protest corruption of Catholic Church – especially indulgences. • Gutenberg’s printing press helps spread it. • John Calvin – predestination • Henry VIII – Act of Supremacy • Reformation will cause a permanent split (schism) in Christianity Counter-Reformation will try to bring people back to Catholic Church: end indulgences at Council of Trent, Inquisitions for heresy (Isabella/Ferdinand), creates Jesuits, Index of banned books

4. Scientific Revolution • Change from science based on faith and Bible to experimentation • Francis Bacon – scientific method • Copernicus – heliocentric model of universe • Galileo – proved Copernicus right with telescope, will be charged with heresy • Isaac Newton – calculus and laws of motion

5. Capitalism – Commercial Revolution • Hanseatic League, guilds, and rise of towns replace manorialism • Medici – Florentine banking and political family • Commercial Revolution – rise of capitalism (laissez-faire), joint-stock companies, and bourgeoisie

6. Age of Exploration - Imperialism • Mercantilism – colonies established for providing motherland with colonies for raw materials and markets for manufactured goods – desired favorable balance of trade. • Motives – “God, Glory & Gold” • Inspired because of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by Ottomans (Mehmet II) and desire for new route to India and Spice Islands • New Technology – astrolabe, compass, caravel, cartography

7. Treaty of Tordesillawill establish a line of demarcation between Spanish & Portuguese claims of New World

8. Major Explorers • Columbus (1492) from Spain to Caribbean, hired by Isabel and Ferdinand (had done Reconquistaof Spain – kicked out Muslims, Jews and Protestants) • Da Gama – Portuguese – south of Africa to India • Magellan – circumnavigated globe • Zheng-He – Ming dynasty from China to Africa • Cortes (Aztecs) and Pizarro (Inca) - conquistadors

10. Results of Exploration • Columbian Exchange – food stuff and diseases exchanged between New World and Europe/Africa/Asia • Triangular Trade – manufactured goods (guns) from Europe to Africa, African slaves to Caribbean for sugar plantations (Middle Passage) then molasses to Europe • Encomienda – plantations using forced Native American labor • African Diaspora – African slaves transported to Brazil and Caribbean • Native American population declined due to disease and overwork – native culture lost

11. Columbia Exchange

13. The Spanish will establish themselves as head of the colonial government. (viceroys) • Native Americans although a majority of population had no say in government. • Long-lasting class resentment based on race/ethnicity • Eventually will lead to revolutions to overthrow Spanish

14. Absolutism • Rule by divine right • Machiavelli – The Prince • said rulers should rule by fear not love • Louis XIV – France, “Sun King” – built Palace of Versailles, “l’etatc’estmoi” – revoked Edict of Nantes, never allowed Estates General • Ferdinand/Isabella of Spain – Reconquista – kicked out Jews and Moors (Muslims) out of Spain, patronized Columbus’ exploration, later Phillip II – responsible for Armada • Peter the Great – Russia – forced nobles to shave beards, westernize and modernize, built St. Petersburg to get “warm water port” on Baltic Sea – used serf labor, Catherine the Great “enlightened despot”

15. Limited Monarchy in England • Magna Carta – 1215 • Parliament – 1295 (House of Lords and House of Commoners), controlled taxation • English Bill of Rights – 1688 – created after the Glorious Revolution by William and Mary

16. Enlightenment • Philosophical movement that says rulers rule not by divine right but by consent of the people,used reason and logic. • Locke – Two Treaties on Government – believed in natural rights and democracy • Montesquieu – 3 branches of government • Rousseau and Hobbes – Social Contract • Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations – laissez-faire economics (government should not intervene in economics)

17. Native Americans • Mayan– polytheistic (blood sacrifices), stepped pyramid temples, ballcourts, slash and burn farming of Yucatan, hieroglyph carvings, and calendar – shows sophisticated culture • Aztecs – middle of Lake Texoca – hydroponic gardens (chinampas) – made tribute states of neighboring enemies, pyramids, calendars, codex (birch-bark accordion books that show human sacrifice – Spanish will destroy). Peak under Montezuma, destroyed by Cortes • Inca – Andes Mts, terrace farming, Incan Trail and suspension bridges, quipu (knotted rope), destroyed by Pissarro.

18. Gunpowder Empires • Islamic – based on trade with lots of cultural diffusion leading to golden ages of math, science, etc. • Ottoman – sultans,, harem, Mehmet II took over Constantinople with cannon, Suleiman – absolute monarch w/golden age – will be cut out of trade by European exploration – will attempt to take over Mediterranean stopped by Phillip II – B. of Lepanto. • Safavid – shiites – modern Iran, shah • Moguls – TajMahal, Akbar – religious tolerance, Aurangzeb – ended sati and religious persecution of Hindus

19. East Asia • Ming – Zheng-He world explorer – wanted to expand trade but bankrupted dynasty • Qing – foreign Manchus, forced Chinese to wear queues. Emperor Kanxi – absolutist • Tokugawa Japan – Edict of Seclusion