Poetry

1. Poetry Terms to make things easier

2. Rhyme • The repetition of accented vowel sounds and all sounds following them in words that are close together in a poem. In the wild ol’ West there lived a man, A man by the tile of Maiden-Savin’ Sam. Saving maidens was his hobby and he did it very well, Bragged about his victories-great stories he did tell.

3. Rhythm • A musical quality produced by the repetition of stressed and unstressed syllables or by the repetition of certain other sound patterns. (often has a sing-song like sound) A gentleman dining at Crewe Found quite a large mouse in his stew Said the waiter, “Don’t shout, And wave it about, Or the rest will be wanting one too!”

4. End Rhyme • Rhymes at the ends of lines Listen, my children, and you shall hear Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; Hardly a man is now alive Who remembers that famous day and year.

5. Rhyme Scheme • The pattern of end rhymes in a poem Listen, my children, and you shall hear A Of the midnight ride of Paul Revere, A On the eighteenth of April, in Seventy-five; B Hardly a man is now alive B Who remembers that famous day and year. A The rhyme scheme for this stanza is the following: AABBA

6. Internal Rhyme • Rhyme occurring within a line of a poem Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore,    While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping, As of some one gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door. "'Tis some visitor," I muttered, "tapping at my chamber door- Only this, and nothing more."

7. Slant Rhyme • The use of sounds that are similar but not exactly the same (sometimes the poet will make words rhyme because they look the same or will have the reader pronounce them differently so that it will work for the poet’s purpose) She twisted her hands behind her; but all the knots held good!She writhed her hands till her fingers were wet with sweat or blood!They stretched and strained in the darkness, and the hours crawled by like years,Till, now, on the stroke of midnight, Cold, on the stroke of midnight,The tip of one finger touched it! The trigger at least was hers!

8. Stanza • A group of consecutive lines in a poem that form a single unit (basically a paragraph in the world of poetry) They had tied her up to attention, with many a sniggering jest. They had bound a musket beside her, with the muzzle beneath her breast! “Now, keep good watch!” and they kissed her. She heard the doomed man say— Look for me by moonlight; Watch for me by moonlight; I’ll come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way! She twisted her hands behind her; but all the knots held good She writhed her hands till her fingers were wet with sweat or blood! They stretched and strained in the darkness, and the hours crawled by like years,Till, now, on the stroke of midnight, Cold, on the stroke of midnight, The tip of one finger touched it! The trigger at least was hers!

9. Refrain • A repeated sound, word, phrase, line, or group of lines found in a poem. “One kiss, my bonny sweetheart, I’m after a prize to-night, But I shall be back with the yellow gold before the morning light; Yet, if they press me sharply, and harry me through the day.Then look for me by moonlight,Watch for me by moonlight, I’ll come to thee by moonlight, though hell should bar the way.” Later found in the poem The tip of one finger touched it. She strove no more for the rest. Up, she stood up to attention, with the muzzle beneath her breast. She would not risk their hearing; she would not strive again;For the road lay bare in the moonlight;Blank and bare in the moonlight; And the blood of her veins, in the moonlight, throbbed to her love’s refrain.

10. Narrative Poem • A poem that tells a story “The Highwayman” “The Cremation of Sam McGee” “Paul Revere’s Ride” “The Raven”

11. Lyric Poem • A poem that does not tell a story but expresses the personal feelings of a speaker. They are usually short and imply a single strong emotion A word is dead by Emily Dickinson A word is dead When it is said, Some say. I say it just Begins to live That day.

12. Ode • A long lyric poem, usually praising some subject, and written in sophisticated language Excerpt from “Ode to Thanks” by Pablo Neruda Thanks to the word That says thanks! Thanks to thanks, word that melts iron and snow!

13. Free Verse • A poem without any particular rhyme scheme or rhythm “The Red Wheelbarrow” by William Carlos Williams so much depends upon a red wheel barrow glazed with rain water beside the white chickens

14. Alliteration • The repetition of sounds at the beginning of words that are close together. Deep into that darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before; But the silence was unbroken, and the stillness gave no token, And the only word there spoken was the whispered word, "Lenore! This I whispered, and an echo murmured back the word, "Lenore!"-                  Merely this, and nothing more.

15. Assonance • The repetition of vowel sounds in words that are close together. Old age should burn and rave at close of day;Rage, rage, against the dying of the light." Dylan Thomas, "Do not go gentle into that good night"

16. Onomatopeia • The use of words whose sounds imitate or suggest their meaning. Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horsehoofs ringing clear; Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf that they did not hear? Down the ribbon of moonlight, over the brow of the hill,The highwayman came riding— Riding—riding— The redcoats looked to their priming! She stood up, straight and still.

17. Symbolism • When a person, place, thing, or an event has meaning in itself and stands for something beyond itself as well. The American flag=freedom “The Lightening Is A Yellow Fork” by Emily Dickinson (1830 - 1886) The lightening is a yellow Fork From tables in the sky By inadvertent fingers dropt the awful Cutlery Of Mansion never quite disclosed And never quite concealed The Apparatus of the Dark To ignorance revealed.

18. Simile • A comparison between two unlike things, using a word such as like, as, than, or resembles. Back, he spurred like a madman, shouting a curse to the sky, With the white road smoking behind him and his rapier brandished high. Blood-red were his spurs in the golden noon; wine-red was his velvet coat; When they shot him down on the highway, Down like a dog on the highway, And he lay in his blood on the highway, with a bunch of lace at his throat.

19. Metaphor • An imaginative comparison between two unlike things in which one thing is said to be another thing. The wind was a torrent of darkness among the gusty trees. The moon was a ghostly galleon tossed upon cloudy seas. The road was a ribbon of moonlight over the purple moor, And the highwayman came riding— riding—riding— The highway man came riding, up to the old inn door.

20. Personification • A figure of speech in which an object or animal is spoken as if it had human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes. Excerpt from “Valentine for Ernest Mann” Still, I like your spirit. Anyone who says, “Here’s my address, write me a poem,” deserves something in reply. So I’ll tell a secret instead: poems hide. In the bottoms of our shoes, they are sleeping. They are the shadows drifting across our ceilings the moment before we wake up. What we have to do is live in a way that lets us find them.

21. Imagery • Language that appeals to the senses. O Captain! My Captain! Our fearful trip is done, The ship has weathered every rack, the prize we sought is won, The port is near, the bells I hear, the people all exulting, While follow eyes the steady keel, the vessel grim and daring; But O heart! Heart! Heart! O the bleeding drops of red, Where on the deck my Captain lies, Fallen cold and dead.

22. Hyperbole • A gross exaggeration I’m so hungry I could eat a horse. She could die from embarrassment.