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Matter: Properties & Change

Matter: Properties & Change. A. Matter. MATTER – ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE EVERYTHING AROUND US CHEMISTRY – THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IT UNDERGOES. MIXTURE. PURE SUBSTANCE. yes. no. yes. no. Is the composition uniform?. Can it be chemically decomposed?.

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Matter: Properties & Change

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  1. Matter: Properties & Change

  2. A. Matter • MATTER – ANYTHING THAT HAS MASS AND TAKES UP SPACE • EVERYTHING AROUND US • CHEMISTRY – THE STUDY OF MATTER AND THE CHANGES IT UNDERGOES

  3. MIXTURE PURE SUBSTANCE yes no yes no Is the composition uniform? Can it be chemically decomposed? A. Matter Flowchart MATTER yes no Can it be physically separated? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Heterogeneous Mixture Compound Element

  4. ANUDDER FLO CHART

  5. B. Pure Substances • Element • composed of identical atoms • EX: copper wire, aluminum foil

  6. B. Pure Substances • Compound • composed of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio • properties differ from those of individual elements • EX: table salt (NaCl)

  7. C. Mixtures • Variable combination of 2 or more pure substances. Heterogeneous Homogeneous

  8. C. Mixtures • Solution • homogeneous • very small particles • particles don’t settle • EX: rubbing alcohol

  9. SOLUTE, SOLVENT AND SOLUTION

  10. DISSOLVING SALT IN WATER

  11. C. Mixtures • Heterogeneous • medium-sized to large-sized particles • particles may or may not settle • EX: milk, fresh-squeezed lemonade

  12. SOLUTIONS, SUSPENSIONS AND COLLOIDS

  13. PROPERTIES

  14. C. Mixtures • Examples: • tea • muddy water • fog • saltwater • Italian salad dressing • Answers: • Solution • Heterogeneous • Heterogeneous • Solution • Heterogeneous

  15. A. Physical Properties • Physical properties can be described as one of 2 types: • Extensive Property • depends on the amount of matter present (example: length) • Intensive Property • depends on the identity of substance, not the amount (example: scent)

  16. A. Physical Properties • Physical Property • can be observed without changing the identity of the substance

  17. F. Physical Changes • Physical Change • changes the form of a substance without changing its identity • properties remain the same • Examples: cutting a sheet of paper, breaking a crystal, all phase changes

  18. F. Phase Changes – Physical • Evaporation = • Condensation = • Melting = • Freezing = • Sublimation = Liquid -> Gas Gas -> Liquid Solid -> Liquid Liquid -> Solid Solid -> Gas

  19. D. Chemical Properties • Chemical Property • describes the ability of a substance to undergo changes in identity

  20. G. Chemical Changes • Process that involves one or more substances changing into a new substance • Commonly referred to as a chemical reaction • New substances have different compositions and properties from original substances

  21. FAMOUS CHEMICAL STUFF U SHOULD KNOW #JIMMY NEUTRON • ACIDS - THINGS THAT RELEASE HYDROGEN IONS ( H + ) WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER • BASES ( ALKALINE ) - THINGS THAT RELEASE HYDROXIDE IONS ( OH - ) WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER • THE pH SCALE MEASURES THE RANGE OF ACIDS/BASES

  22. ACIDS AND BASES

  23. NURD WARNING • PH CAN BE VIEWED AS AN ABBREVIATION FOR POWER OF HYDROGEN - OR MORE COMPLETELY, POWER OF THE CONCENTRATION OF THE HYDROGEN ION. • THE MATHEMATICAL DEFINITION OF PH IS A BIT LESS INTUITIVE BUT IN GENERAL MORE USEFUL. IT SAYS THAT THE PH IS EQUAL TO TO THE NEGATIVE LOGARITHMIC VALUE OF THE HYDROGEN ION (H+) CONCENTRATION, OR • PH = -LOG [H+] • PH CAN ALTERNATIVELY BE DEFINED MATHEMATICALLY AS THE NEGATIVELOGARITHMIC VALUEOF THE HYDROXONIUM ION (H3O+) CONCENTRATION. USING THE BRONSTED-LOWRY APPROACH • PH = -LOG [H3O+] • TOLD YA IT WAS NURDY

  24. pH SCALE 7 IS YOUR FRIEND

  25. G. Chemical Changes • Signs of a Chemical Change • change in color or odor • formation of a gas • formation of a precipitate (solid) • change in light or heat

  26. E. Physical vs. Chemical Properties physical chemical physical physical chemical • Examples: • melting point • flammable • density • magnetic • tarnishes in air

  27. H. Physical vs. Chemical Changes chemical physical chemical physical physical • Examples: • rusting iron • dissolving in water • burning a log • melting ice • grinding spices

  28. What Type of Change?

  29. What Type of Change?    

  30. B. Four States of Matter • Solids • particles vibrate but can’t move around • fixed shape • fixed volume • incompressible

  31. B. Four States of Matter • Liquids • particles can move around but are still close together • variable shape • fixed volume • Virtually incompressible

  32. B. Four States of Matter • Gases • particles can separate and move throughout container • variable shape • variable volume • Easily compressed • Vapor = gaseous state of a substance that is a liquid or solid at room temperature

  33. B. Four States of Matter • Plasma • particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-) • gas-like, variableshape & volume • stars, fluorescentlight bulbs, TV tubes

  34. STATES OF MATTER

  35. STATES OF MATTER • The Four States of Matter • Four States • Solid • Liquid • Gas • Plasma

  36. STATES OF MATTER • Based upon particle arrangement • Based upon energy of particles • Based upon distance between particles

  37. Kinetic Theory of Matter Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion.

  38. STATES OF MATTERSOLIDS • Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. • Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Heat

  39. STATES OF MATTERLIQUID • Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. • Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

  40. STATES OF MATTERGAS • Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely. • Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

  41. PHASE CHANGES

  42. PHASE CHANGES

  43. LATENT HEAT = HEAT ABSORBED WHEN CHANGING PHASE Specific HEAT CAPACITY = THE AMOUNT OF HEAT NEEDED TO RAISE 1 GRAM OF MATERIAL 1DEGREE C

  44. But what happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

  45. STATES OF MATTERPLASMA • A plasma is an ionized gas. • A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. • Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. • Plasma is the • common state • of matter

  46. STATES OF MATTER LIQUID PLASMA SOLID GAS Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

  47. Some places where plasmas are found… 1.Flames

  48. 2. Lightning

  49. 3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

  50. MATTER REVIEW QUIZLET CH 3 QUIZLET CH 2

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