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World War II

World War II. Carnage Abroad and Changes At Home, 1941-1945. U. S. Entry into War. Response to Japanese gamble that it could effect the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and U. S. wouldn’t effectively challenge

JasminFlorian
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World War II

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  1. World War II Carnage Abroad and Changes At Home, 1941-1945

  2. U. S. Entry into War • Response to Japanese gamble that it could effect the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere and U. S. wouldn’t effectively challenge • U. S. war in Europe resulted from Hitler’s declaration of War on U. S. on Dec. 11, following U. S. declaration of War on Japan on Dec. 8.

  3. World War II • Transforming event at home and abroad • U. S. had to mobilize society and economy at unprecedented levels • War shape experiences of a generation and had particular impacts on Women, African-Americans, Mexicanos, and Japanese-Americans. • U. S. military strategy in war: Europe first, then Japan.

  4. Holding Action in Pacific • Pacific had become a Japanese lake by Spring ’42, with the fall of the Philippines. • U. S. victories at Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942), Midway (June 4-5, 1942), and Guadalcanal (August 7, 1942-February 21, 1943) arrested Japanese expansion, and crippled their naval airpower • This permits U. S. to focus on Europe

  5. The War at Home • War Production Board managed conversion from civilian to military production • OSRAD—created the bazooka, techniques to isolate blood plasma • OPA—ration coupons and price ceilings • Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act allowed government to seize plants useful to war when there were strikes • War inflated national debt by 6x, but 45% of total war costs were paid with tax revenues

  6. War Transforms a Nation • Western states experience population boom due to war industries • Women serve in military (over 200,000) and 6 million worked in war related industries. • Executive Order 8802 provides non-discrimination in Defense hiring for African Americans • Double V • Military remained racially-segregated: Tuskegee Airmen defy stereo-types, but race riots occurred around bases where large numbers of African Americans were stationed.

  7. War Transforms a Nation • Bracero program brought 200,000 Mexican laborers to U. S. • 17 Mexicanos win CMH • 1943 Zoot Suit Riots • 33% of eligible Native Americans Serve in War—many as “Code Talkers” • Executive Order 9066—Japanese Americans interned: affirmed by Supreme Court in Korematsu v. U. S.

  8. Dine Code Talkers

  9. Zoot Suit rioters: Why didn’t they arrest the white boys?

  10. You pay for who your parents are.

  11. War Transforms a Nation • Rural people flock to cities and many acquire useful skills for the post war economy • Service Personnel eligible for benefits under Serviceman’s Readjustment Act (G. I. Bill)—loans to start small businesses and $s to go to college. • Origin of Middle Class norm in U. S.

  12. War in Europe • Operation Torch (November 1943) • Casablanca Conference (1943)—unconditional surrender of Axis • Battle of Atlantic—won by U. S. in 1943 • Sicily invaded on July 10, 1943 • September 1944, Italy mainland invaded • Anzio landings on January 22, 1944 • Rome fell on June 4, 1944

  13. Operation Overlord and After • Teheran Conference—Cross-channel invasion • June 6, 1944—landings in Normandy (5,000 U. S. casualties on Day One) • Paris fell August 25, 1944 • Battle of the Bulge, Dec. 16, 1944—January 26, 1945 • March 7, 1945, Bridge at Remagen seized • May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered

  14. Ike with Paratroopers

  15. What the Allies found in the 3rd Reich

  16. War in the Pacific • Island Hoping and Leapfrogging • January 1943, New Guinea Invaded • Tarawa invaded, Nov. 20, 1943 • Marianas secured on June 19, 20, 1944 • Battle of Leyte Gulf, October 25, 1944 • Iwo Jima, February 19, 1945 • Okinawa, April 1, 1945

  17. War in the Pacific • U. S. plans to invade Japan: Operations Coronet and Olympic, but war casualties rise • Firebombing raids on Tokyo, March 1945 • Decision to use Atomic Bomb • August 6, 1945—Hiroshima; August 9, 1945, Nagasaki • Japanese sue for peace on August 14, 1945 • Formal Surrender on U. S. Missouri, September 2, 1945.

  18. Hiroshima: courtesy RW & B

  19. Ongoing Controversies • Did FDR know about Pear Harbor in advance? • Could U. S. have done something to liberate death camps sooner? • Did the U. S. really need to nuke Japan?

  20. Balance Sheet • 17 Million soldiers and 19 million civilians died world wide • War cost approximately $1,000,000,000,000 • 6 million Soviets died in Battle • U. S. lost 294,000 servicemen in combat, 600,000 wounded, and 114,000 others killed in war related accidents.

  21. U. S. Military Cemetery at Omaha Beach

  22. U. S. Cemetery, Luxembourg

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