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Key Causes and Milestones of World War II Across Three Fronts

World War II reshaped the globe from 1939 to 1945, ignited by factors such as the rise of dictators and the Treaty of Versailles. The war saw two main sides: the Allies, including 49 nations, and the Axis, comprised of 9 countries. The conflict began with the German invasion of Poland, marking the onset of blitzkrieg tactics. Major events unfolded across Europe, North Africa, and the Pacific, culminating in the Allied victory that led to massive geopolitical changes and set the stage for the Cold War.

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Key Causes and Milestones of World War II Across Three Fronts

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  1. World War II 3 Fronts of the War • Europe – West/East • No. Africa • Pacific Causes: • Rise of dictators w/ expansionist plans • Treaty of Versailles • Alliances

  2. The Versailles Treaty: Did it lead to WWII? • Alsace-Lorraine to France – 9 new nations established; Germany lost land; Germany’s colonies go to Allied nations • Germany’s army reduced to 100k • All of Germany’s ships, planes, & heavy artillery taken • Germany forced to pay some 33 billion in reparations – led to much inflation • Germany forced to sign “war guilt clause” in treaty

  3. World War II • 2 Sides – Allies w/ 49 countries • Axis – 9 countries • Start: Sept. 1, 1939 • Event: Invasion of Poland • End: Aug. 10th, 1945 • Bombing of Nagasaki • Most destructive-new warfare • Changed maps • Started Cold War

  4. Road to War • Japanese Aggression • 1931 – Seizure of Manchuria By 1937, East China over-run • Italian Aggression • 1934 – Ethiopia seized; Ethiopian king, HaileSelassie, appealed to League of Nations for help • Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis- formed in fight communism • Rome/Berlin (1936) – • 1940 – Tripartite Alliance; Rome, Berlin, Tokyo

  5. WWII – German Aggression • 1936 – Rhineland invaded (supposed to be DMZ zone per Versailles Treaty) • 1938 (March) – Anschluss-union of Germany & Austria • 1938 (Sept.) – Sudetenland – Hitler wanted to unite all German speaking peoples

  6. Allied Response - Appeasement • 1938 (Sept.) Munich Conference • British Prime Minister = Neville Chamberlain • French Premier= Eduardo Daladier • Both agreed on appeasement as long as Hitler promised to stop

  7. Hitler’s Expansion after Munich • 1939 (March) Czechoslovakia taken over by Nazis • 1939 (August) Nazi-Soviet Pact-Stalin & Hitler sign agreement to not interfere w/ Nazi expansion plans in exchange for division of Poland & East Europe

  8. Invasion of Poland-Beg. Of WWII • Sept. 1st, 1939 – Poland overtaken by Germans in less than 4 weeks – blietzkrig – event that is the official start of WWII • Sept. 3 – Britain and France declare war on Germany • Allies = Great Britain, France, U.S.S.R., China, United States • Axis = Germany, Italy, Japan

  9. World War II - 1940 • 1940 (April) Hitler launched Blitzkrieg against Norway, Denmark, and then the Netherlands • By May, German forces were pouring into France • June, 1940 France fell to Nazis; Degaulle fled to Britain

  10. Summer-1940 Hitler looks to Great Britain • Operation Sea Lion Fall 1940-Hitler’s plan to conquer Great Britain • Axis Strategy-constant night bombing to weaken-then invade

  11. Battle of Britain • British respond to Nazi advance by hiding in bomb shelters @ night-evacuated London (women & children to countryside) • R.A.F. lost ¼ planes, but was able to hold off Luftwaffe due to 2 new weapons • 1.)RADAR • 2.) ENIGMA (German code making machine)

  12. U.S. Response 1935-39 • Neutrality Acts of 1935,36,37 • 1935 Act – embargo on arms trading w/ countries @ war • 1936 Act – expanded to ban loans to belligerents; • 1937 Act adopted a “cash & carry” provision

  13. US Policy Shift - 1940 • March, 1941 – United States passed the Lend-Lease Act; allowed U.S. - give Allies any help it needed to stop Hitler • Aug. 1941 – Atlantic Charter signed between Churchill & Roosevelt on the USS Augusta (to discuss Allied strategy)

  14. Operation Barbarossa • May, 1941, Hitler abandoned plan to invade Great Britain &moved troops east • German plan to conquer Soviet Union = Operation Barbarossa • June 22nd, 1941 German tanks & aircraft announce the invasion of the U.S.S.R. • Soviets not ready & German troops able to push 500 miles into U.S.S.R. • Russians used “scorch & burn” policy • Sept. 8th, 1941 – Germans surrounded Leningrad & isolated city – 1 million casualties

  15. Moscow & Stalingrad • Hitler movedto Moscow – Oct. 2nd, 1941; temp. dropped & Soviets got upper hand • Germans in summer uniforms-Soviets able to hold line until March, 1942 - 500k Germans died –Moscow saved - Nazi armies move south – Stalingrad • Battle of Stalingrad – Turning Point (Nov./Dec. 1942) Hitler sent 6th army to seize rich oil lands in Caucasus Mts. & capture Stalingrad on Volga river Aug. 23rd – night bombing raids began &city turned to rubble • By Nov. 1942 – Germans controlled 90% of city; Severe weather helped Soviets launch counter-attack & closed Germans inside & cut off supplies • Hitler’s commander begged retreat – Hitler refused • Feb. 3rd, 1943 90k German troops surrendered to Soviets

  16. North Africa Front Dwight Eisenhower General George Patton Erwin Rommel

  17. North Africa Sept. 1940 – Sept. 1943 • 1934 – Mussolini invaded Ethopia • Nazis sent troops in Sept. 1940 – Hitler ordered troops to seize Egypt tocontrol Suez Canal • Nazi troops pushed 60 miles into Egypt w/in a week & forced Brits back: sidesstalemated & Brits launched counter attack – advance then retreat tactics • Hitler sends Erwin Rommel (desert fox) to command in Libya

  18. North Africa Allied Counter-Offensive • Operation Torch: 1942 British advanced from East under Brit. General Bernard Montgomery while American General Dwight Eisenhower advanced from Morocco (West) • Turning Point: Battle of El Alamein – By Oct. 1942 1700 British guns surprised Axis; By Nov. 3rd Rommel beaten; troops captured couple months later – Rommel (Desert Fox) escaped

  19. Casablanca Conference • Jan. 1943 – Churchill, Stalin and FDR meet to discuss strategy; Stalin wanted all out invasion of France, but Churchill & FDR wanted to go up through Italy • Launched Operation Blood and Guts (invasion of Italy)

  20. Invasion of Italy • 180k troops landed in Sicily & by Aug. 1943 had captured Axis troops • Mussolini arrested • Sept. 1943, Italy surrendered; Mussolini escaped to No. Italy • Axis surrendered in No. Italy and Mussolini released to his people who hung him in 1945

  21. Western Front – 1943-1945 • Allies building forces in Britain by 1943-plan to attack Germany across English Channel • By May, 1944 the force was ready & included: 1000’s of planes, 3.5 million troops, ships/tanks/landing crafts

  22. Invasion of Normandy-D-DayJune 6th, 1944 • Operation Overlord-D-Day-amphibious & air strike on the beaches of Normandy • Eisenhower = commander of Allied force of Brits, Americans, Canadians, & French • By July, 1 ½ million troops participated in D-Day (3k Amer. lost @landing)

  23. Allies Break Through Enemy Lines • July 25th, Allies punched through German lines under General Patton – 1944 • August 25th, 1944 Germans retreated & Allies marched into Paris • Sept., 1944 – France was liberated along w/ Belgium, Lux., the Netherlands • Sept.-March 1945- Allies reached German territory

  24. Battle of the Bulge - December 16th, 1944 • Battle of the Bulge- Last German offensive • Hitler launched counter-offensive in West Germany to split Allied troops- Russians from East – Amer./Brits. from west • Germans broke through lines of weak Amer. defenses • Allies pushed back briefly, then Allies push Germans back – Germans retreated

  25. VE Day – May 8th, 1945 • Victory in Europe – Germany surrenders • Hitler committed suicide as Allied troops closed in • F.D.R. died April, 1945 • Concentration camps revealed horrors of Holacaust

  26. War in the PacificDec. 7th, 1941 – Aug. 10th 1945 • Japanese expansion began in 1931 w/ Manchuria – then by 1937 East China • U.S. cracked Japanese code by Aug. 1940 – concerned w/ U.S. territories – Guam, Philippines • Japanese over-ran French Indochina & Dutch East Indies – U.S. cut off oil shipments & war materials to Japan • General Tojo Hideki wanted lands in Asia & Pacific & U.S. interfered

  27. Pearl Harbor Dec. 7th, 1941 • Tojo Hideki ordered surprise attack on American fleet @ Pearl Harbor • Dec. 7th, 1941 Japanese airplanes struck – goal = destroy Pacific fleet • Damaged or destroyed 19 U.S. ships, 75% of U.S. aircraft & killed more than 2400 people

  28. Japanese Victories – 1941-42 • 1941 – Japanese took Guam, Wake Island • 1942 – Japanese over-ran Philippines, Hong Kong, Singapore • 1942 – Bataan Death March – Philippines • 1942 – Indonesia, Burma taken by Jap.

  29. Bataan Death March – April, 1942

  30. Allied Offensive in Pacific • April, 1942 – Tokyo bombing raids – little damage • Strategy – Island Hopping campaign – take back islands J. controlled, put airstrip & base in, move closer to Japan to prepare for invasion – U.S. General Douglas MacArthur led Pacific campaign – goal = cut off enemy supplies & starve enemy troops

  31. US at WarThe War Comes Home Mobilization • Military • Economic • Social Internment

  32. Military Mobilization • Registration Expanded 18-65 • 258k women • WAC – Women’s Army Corps • WAVES – Women Accepted for Volunteer Emergency Service (US Naval Reserve) 27k 1st year • WAFS – Women in the Air Force (female transport pilots in 1942) • Office of Civil Defense – 5.6 million joined – police, air raid wardens, coastal patrols, medical personel

  33. Economic Mobilization War Production Board • ½ factory production = war • 5 million women went to work • Mobilization led to migration – No. east to south & southwest War Labor Board Office of Price Administration • 185 billion raised for war • 8 out of 13 Americans bought bonds (2.9 %) • Victory Gardens – 20 million gardens; 40 % veggies grown in Gardens; increase in home canning & decrease in waste

  34. Japanese Internment • Executive Order 9066 – Feb. 19, 1942 – FDR signed which allowed US military to intern Japanese Americans • 120k Japanese Americans interned • Over ½ = women & children • Manzanar, CA • 1988 – Reagan signed H.R. 442 – payments of 20k to surviving internees • Japanese Americans lost 500 million in property & savings

  35. War in the Pacific – 1942 • May 7th & 8th 1942 – Battle of the Coral Sea Allies stopped Japanese advance to Australia • June 3rd – 6th – Battle of Midway, 1942 – turning point in the War: destroyed 322 planes in a surprise attack-severely weakened Japanese Navy

  36. Battle of GuadalcanalAugust 7th 1942 • Allies took Japanese airbase • Savage struggle for island; lasted 6 months-U.S controlled island by Feb. 1943 • U.S. 23k casualties • Japanese 36k casualties

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