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World War II

World War II. Terms to Know. Fascism: a new militant political movement that emphasizes the importance of the state and it’s leader Nationalist movement; capitalist; no theory

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World War II

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  1. World War II

  2. Terms to Know • Fascism: a new militant political movement that emphasizes the importance of the state and it’s leader • Nationalist movement; capitalist; no theory • Communism: an economic system where the means of production are owned by the people; no private property; all goods are shared equally • International movement; follows Marx

  3. Italy • Italians upset after WWI; didn’t gain territory; inflation; unemployment • Benito Mussolini promises to rescue the economy and improve the military • Starts fascist party in 1919 • Played on the rich man’s fear of a worker’s revolt

  4. Benito – “Il Duce” • “il duce” or the leader • Abolished democracy • Outlawed all political parties (except fascists) • Secret police • Censored all media – radio and newspapers • Outlawed workers strikes

  5. Germany • Germans upset with Treaty of Versailles • Guilt Clause • German people broke after WWI – inflation, unemployment & strikes • Depression hits Germany hard; can’t pay reparations to France or GB

  6. Enter the Nazi’s • National Socialist German Worker’s Party • 1920 – 40 members; 1923 – 35,000 • People unhappy with Weimar Republic, guilt clause & reparations • Economy also in shambles • 11/8 – 11/9/1923 Beer Hall Putsch (coup); Hitler tries to take over government; arrested & put in jail for treason

  7. In jail writes Mein Kampf “Aryans” master race Treaty of Versailles – outrage Lebensraum (making room) into E. Europe and Russia After release, popular in Nazi party Appointed chancellor Hitler Rises to Power

  8. Hitler’s Rise to Power • SS – murdered and arrested “enemies” • Gestapo made German’s obedient • Took control of economy • Ended unemployment – making less $; but have a job • Uses propaganda to control all aspects of German thinking • Controlled books, radio, newspapers, even education • Wants to annex German-speaking areas

  9. The Path to War • Japan needs natural resources and export markets • 1931 Invades Manchuria; renames it Manchukuo • China protests in League of Nations; Japan withdraws from League • 1937 Japan invades China to get to oil in East Indies

  10. Italy Invades/Spanish Unrest • 1935 Italy invades Ethiopia • League of Nations condemns, but doesn’t block sale of oil, coal or iron • Francisco Franco leads a civil war in Spain after king abdicates throne • 1938 Franco wins and starts a fascist government

  11. Axis Powers • 1936 Hitler moves into Rhineland (against Versailles Treaty) • Hitler & Mussolini (and later Japan) form an alliance; the Axis powers • 1938 Aunschluss – Joining of Austria to Germany; Western powers refuse to intervene

  12. Hitler continues aggression… • Hitler then moves to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia • Munich Conference; British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain agrees to Sudetenland in policy of appeasement • Appeasement: policy of giving someone what they want in order to avoid conflict • Hitler then breaks Munich agreement and invades Czechoslovakia

  13. Hitler wants Poland GB & France try to align with Stalin to stop Hitler Hitler and Stalin sign the Non-Aggression Pact; will split Poland between them Hitler can now invade Poland and War begins… Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

  14. War in Europe • Blitzkrieg – “lightning war” • Successful strategy for Hitler; takes Western half of Poland • Stalin takes Eastern half, Baltics & Finland

  15. Churchill takes over… • 1940 – Britain mines Norwegian waters to block German trade • Hitler then invades Denmark and Norway • Chamberlain resigns and Winston Churchill becomes Prime Minister of GB

  16. France is lost… • Hitler avoids Maginot line by going through Luxembourg, Netherlands & Belgium – surrounds the Allies • Allies forced to evacuate at Dunkirk • 300,000 by sea

  17. Vichy Government Established • Evacuation a success, but Paris is lost • Hitler takes France • Installs puppet government in the city of Vichy

  18. Battle of Britain • Luftewaffe vs. RAF • Trying to establish air superiority over the English Channel • London bombing – called the great Blitz • Germans eventually give up

  19. The Americans… • Neutrality Acts of 1937: no arms shipments, loans or credit to belligerent nations • Policy of Isolationism: attempting to stay out of world affairs and concentrate on itself • Despite this, FDR tries to motivate Americans to enter the war and help the Allies • Cash and Carry Policy: FDR gets Congress to trade cash for supplies with GB • Lend-Lease: after GB runs out of $, we lease them war equipment

  20. The Americans Continued… • FDR wants to get into the war • 1941 – FDR & Churchill issue the Atlantic Charter, which calls for the destruction of the Nazis; renews idea of self-determination and upholds free trade • Atlantic Charter basis for treaties at end of WWII.

  21. Eastern Europe & Africa • 1940 – Mussolini declares war on GB & France • Churchill moves into Libya to stop the Italians, but then re-directs troops to Yugoslavia and Greece. This effort failed. • German General Rommell, the desert fox, pushed GB out of Libya and saves Italians from certain defeat in Africa

  22. Stalin and Hitler break up… • Hitler invades USSR in 1941; called Operation Barbarossa • Germans make it to within a few miles of Moscow before a Soviet counter-attack turns turns them back

  23. Japanese Expansion • 1940 Japan gains northern Indochina (Vietnam) • US imposes an embargo on scrap iron to Japan • Japan then signs Tripartite Pact (it’s an Axis Power now) • 1941 Japan invades southern Indochina; captures Hong Kong and invades Malay peninsula • US embargoes oil sales and freezes Japan’s assets in the US

  24. “…a day which will live in infamy” • Japan bombs US naval base in Hawaii, Pearl Harbor • Attack did damage to the Pacific fleet, but luckily most of the aircraft carriers were out to sea and not damaged • US declares war on Japan

  25. Everyone is in… • US declares war on Japan • Axis powers declare war on US • Allied powers declare war on Japan • Meanwhile, Soviets suffering huge losses to Germany. USSR only Allies fighting in Europe while the US and GB concentrate on North Africa and the Mediterranean

  26. Enigma – code breaking machine Radar – Germans didn’t know GB had – Battle of Britain significant Aircraft Carriers – key in Pacific war New Tanks – didn’t fall over like WWI Atomic Bomb – Manhattan Project in the United States New War Technologies

  27. U.S. moves all Japanese citizens into internment camps in interior of country Japanese Internment

  28. Turning Points • Battles in the air and on the sea between Axis and Allied powers in the North Atlantic and Europe continue • GB defeats Rommel and capture Libya • Allies land troops in Morocco and Algeria to trap the German forces in N. Africa. • Free French troops under Charles de Gaulle help out.

  29. Turning Points continued… • Germans finally stopped at Stalingrad • Germans forced to surrender in February 1943 after the winter sets in; 180,000 troops lost in a battle of attrition

  30. Turning Points continued… • 1943 – US and GB commanders meet in Casablanca and decide to attack Sicily • Successful invasion of Sicily forces Mussolini out of power, but Germans seize Rome and place him in power in the North. • Takes Allies 5 months to dislodge German forces and take Italy

  31. War in the Pacific • Island Hopping by the Americans • Battle of the Coral Sea, Battle of Midway and Guadalcanal all end in US success • 1943 Kamikazes begin crashing planes into the US naval forces

  32. Allied Victories • June 6, 1944 D-Day; Allied forces invade France at Normandy • Gen. George Patton and French resistance forces liberate France from the Nazis by August 25th.

  33. Hitler is stopped • Soviets were pushing towards Germany from the West • Allies now pushing from the East • Hitler’s last offensive at the Battle of the Bulge • Soviet and Allied forces converge at the Elbe River • German forces surrendered on May 7th

  34. Yalta and Potsdam • Yalta: Stalin, FDR, and Churchill • agree to divide Germany and Berlin into 4 zones at the end of the war • Stalin gets to keep eastern Poland • Stalin agrees to declare war on Japan • Potsdam (6 months later): Stalin, Truman and Attlee • Plans for occupation of Germany • Demand Japan’s unconditional surrender

  35. Japan’s Done • 1944 Gen. Douglas MacArthur seized Philippines • 1945 US controls Iwo Jima & Okinawa; GB expels Japanese from SE Asia • Truman uses A-Bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki • Japanese surrender on August 14, 1945

  36. Effects of the War • Approximately 55 million killed • USSR suffers 22 million casualties (most) • German and Japanese leaders put on trial for war crimes or crimes against humanity • Nuremberg Trials: trials against Nazi’s for genocide

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