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World War II Overview: From Appeasement to Axis Powers

Learn about Japan's expansion into Asia, Italy's conquest of Ethiopia, Hitler's aggression leading to WWII, the Axis advances, the Battle of Britain, and Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union in this comprehensive overview of World War II events.

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World War II Overview: From Appeasement to Axis Powers

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  1. World War II

  2. Section 1 From Appeasement to War

  3. Japan’s Expansion into Asia • 1931- took Manchuria • League of Nations protested, but was powerless…Japan withdraws from LON • 1937- full scale invasion of China • Ease of Japan’s conquest in Asia inspired Italy and Germany

  4. Italy’s Conquest of Ethiopia • 1935- Italy invades Ethiopia • LON-sanctions against Italy, but no power to enforce • 1936- Italy had conquered Ethiopia • 1936-Italy formally annexes of Ethiopia

  5. Hitler Breaks the Treaty • Hitler inspired by Japanese and Italian expansion • 1-remiliitarized Germany • 2-Sent troops to Rhineland (3/36) (demilitarized zone) bordering France • *Western democracies denounced Hitler, but chose the policy of appeasement • US passed the Neutrality Acts • 10/1936- Hitler and Mussolini sign Rome-Berlin Axis- Axis Powers • Hitler Breaks Treaty of Versailles

  6. Spanish Civil War • Loyalist were supported by the Soviet Union • Nationalists were supported by Germany and Italy…win the War • Spain headed by Fascist dictator Francisco Franco • Spanish Civil War (test run for WWII)

  7. German Aggression Continues • Austria • Hitler wanted more living space for Germans, and the “Aryan race” had the right to conquer the inferior races • 1938- bullied Austrian chancellor to appoint Nazis to key government posts • 3/1938- sent troops and proclaimed it part of Germany…Anschluss was created • Western Democracies- no action

  8. German Aggression Continues • Czechoslovakia • Hitler demanded that the Sudetenland (region in W. Czech) be annexed

  9. The Munich Conference • 9/1938- GB and France again chose appeasement • Gave Hilter the Sudetenland if he promised no further expansion plans • Compromise: • Germany gets Sudetenland • Respect Czech sovereignty • Chamberlain- “peace in our time” • Churchill- “war or dishonor”…”chose dishonor, they will have war” • 3/15/1939- Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia • Czechoslovakia • West Prepared for war---promised to protect Poland

  10. Nazi-Soviet Pact • 8/23/1939- Nazi-Soviet Pact • Not to fight eachother and to divide Poland and Eastern Europe between them • Nazi-Soviet Pact • 9/1/39- Germany Invaded Poland • 9/3/39- GB and France declared war on Germany • WWII had begun

  11. Section 2 THE AXIS ADVANCES

  12. Hitler Looks to the West • 9/1/1939- German Luftwaffe targets Poland using Blitzkrieg or “Lighting War” • Blitzkreig • 1- Air force bombings and dive bombers • 2- Fast-moving tanks and troops move in • Germany attacked the west, while the Soviets attacked from the east…within weeks Polan ceased to exist • GB and France who declared war on 9/3 could do nothing to help Poland

  13. The Invasion of Scandinavia • While the French and British waited behind the Maginot Line… • 4/1940- Germany’s Blitzkrieg took DenmarkNorway • 5/1940- German takes the Netherlands and Belgium • Meanwhile in GB- Chamberlain stepped down, and Winston Churchill became the new Prime Minister • MAP

  14. Miracle of Dunkirk • French, British and Belgian troops were trapped in the NW corner of France • Hitler halts his forces (inexplicably) • May 26, 1940-850 vessel armada rescues the 300,000 troops and takes them safely to Britain • Under constant air and ground attacks • Rescue raises British morale

  15. The Fall of France • Germany sweeps into France and on June 14 take Paris • June 22, 1940- Hitler forces the French to sign surrender documents in the same railway car used to sign the armistice in WWI • France signs armistice with Germany • Germany occupies the north while a “pupper government” (Vichy) is set up in the south • Some French officers escape to England (Charles de Gaulle) to work on a resistance

  16. Battle of Britain • All that stood in the way of western domination for Hitler was Churchill and GB • Hitler thought GB would seek peace…he was wrong • Hitler launched Operation Sea Lion- the invasion of Britain • Massive airstrikes on the island (8/1940) • The Blitz (9/1940)-bombing of Britain • 6/1941- Britain had not fallen as the Luftwaffe failed to dominate the airs over Britain • Battle of Britain

  17. Eastern Europe and Africa • While Hitler dominated Europe, Mussolini pushed in North Africa and the Balkins (7/10/1940- Italy declares war on GB and France) • By 4/11/1941- Axis had pushed Allies out of Yugoslavia, Greece and Libya • Led by Ger. Erwin Rommel • ***By 1941- the Axis powers or their allies controlled most of Europe***

  18. Germany Invades the Soviet Union • Due to failed attempt at GB, Hitler looked to S.U. for his expansion…turns out to be a costly mistake • 6/1941- Massive invasion of S.U. begins (surprised Stalin)- Operation Barbarossa • Made motives clear- RESOURCES and crushing Communism • 3 million troop invasion • The unprepared Soviets lost 2.5 million • Scorched Earth Policy (Stalin)- If Germans force a retreat, destroy everything

  19. Germany Invades the Soviet Union • By Nov 1941 Germany controlled 40% of the Soviet population • Dec. 1941- Germany began an assault on Leningrad attacking Moscow • As the Nazi invasion stalled, the winter of 1941 set in…Moscow and Leningrad would not fall

  20. Japanese Expansion • Japan seized opportunity to take European colonies in Asia • Dutch East Indies and French Indo-China • GB fled Singapore • Invaded Indo China • Established “Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere”- new order • Asians were happy to get Europeans out • US Response • Put embargo on the scrap iron

  21. Japanese Expansion- con’t • Tripartite Pact • Germany, Italy and Japan • 9/1940 • Right to every nation to “receive space to which it is entitled” • Cooperate with goals and aid if attacked

  22. Anglo-American Cooperation • Leading up to WWII American government stressed neutrality • FDR- worried by German expansion felt GB and France could not stop Germany alone • After Dunkirk, US gave GB 50 destroyers • Cash and Carry Policies- Cash for needed supplies (GB running out of money) • Lend-Lease- President can lend war equipment to any country vital to US security

  23. Pearl Harbor • US demands Japan to withdraw from Indochina and China • Embargo on oil and froze Japanese assets in US • War with US • US stands in way of expansion • Key to success against US was to destroy the American Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor • US and other Japanese though Pearl Harbor would be safe from attack (Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto disagreed

  24. Pearl Harbor- con’t • Dec. 7, 1941- attack on Pearl Harbor • 19 ships, 2400 people killed • Fortunately for US- aircraft carriers were at seas and escaped attack • Dec. 8- US declares war on Japan • Pearl Harbor • Japanese American Backlash • Executive Order 9066

  25. The Nazi Order • Hitler hoped for “New Order” • Nazis rule Europe • Enslave conquered people and force them to work for the “Master Race” • Master Race • Exterminate “undesirable elements” • Jews and Slavs, etc…

  26. The Holocaust • July 1941- implemented plan for extermination of Jews (“Final Solution”) • Millions rounded up and taken to Concentration Camps (Dachau and Auschwitz) • 6 million Jews murdered • 6 million Slavs and Gypsies

  27. The Allies • Dec. 11, 1941- Germany and Italy honor Tripartite Pact and declare war on US • GB backs US and declares war on Japan • Stalin pleads for a second front to take pressure off of Soviets • Allies postponed invasion of Europe • Set sites on North Africa and the Mediterranean • The Allies

  28. Section 3 The Allies Turn the Tide

  29. The Soviet Offensive • July 1942- things going badly for Soviets- full retreat • Germans approaching Stalingrad • Soviet counterattack and encircled Germans • Soviets and winter cause German surrender in February 1943 *Major turning point in war- broke the back of the Nazi Military Machine Battle of Stalingrad

  30. War in the Desert • GB led by Bernard Montgomery against the Germans led by Rommel (“Desert Fox”) and Vichy French who controlled French North Africa • Allied Commander Dwight Eisenhower brokered a deal with a Vichy official • Gave Vichy French N. Africa • Ended resistance • French Resistance moves in to help Allies

  31. War in the Desert- con’t • Rommel tells Hitler the situation is helpless • Hitler refuses • Germany later surrenders in Tunisia • War in the Desert

  32. Invasion of Italy • Allies meet in Casablanca to develop a plan • Invade Sicily • Leads to Mussolini’s downfall • It. King Emmanuel III • Fires and arrest Mussolini • Dissolves Fascist party and surrenders • Germany continues to control peninsula • 6 month artillery bombardment to rid the Germans • Invasion of Italy • First Allied foothold in Europe

  33. D-Day • June 6, 1944 • Confusion and heavy German resistance made invasion difficult • Huge Allied success • Within 1 Million troops poured in France • July 25- broke though German line • D-Day • August 25- Paris is liberated

  34. Yalta and Potsdam • Victory Over Germany • Allies attack Germany while Soviets moved from the east • Despite heavy losses Hitler refused to surrender. • Last offensive- Battle of the Bulge (12/44) • Allies cross the Rhine River (German defensive barrier) • May 7, 1945- Germany surrenders • Postwar Conferences: • Yalta-(2/1945) Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin • Postwar Plans-divide Germany and creation of United Nations • Potsdam(7/1945) • Occupy Germany • Ultimatum to Japan • Wartime alliance pulling apart

  35. Section 4 Victory in Europe and the Pacific

  36. V-E Day • May 7 Germany surrendered • May 8, 1945 was proclaimed V-E Day (Victory in Europe)

  37. War in the Pacific • While war waged in Europe Japan had a great deal of success in Asia • Taken:Malaya, Singapore, Burman, Dutch East Indies, Guam, Wake Islands and Philippines • Allied success • Coral Sea • Midway-ended Japanese naval superiority in Pacific • Guadalcanal *Leapfrogged its way to Japan

  38. War in the Pacific- con’t • After a pause to rebuild…Allies resumed quest for Japan in 11/1943 • Led to kamikazes attacks • Suicide mission • War in the Pacific

  39. Victory Over Japan • Summer of 1945- Allied victory was inevitable (Japan refused to surrender) • Iwo Jima and Okinawa- fiercest battles in Pacific- Allied Victories • After refusing multiple ultimatums the US decided to use their new weapon- Atomic Bomb • Hiroshima(8/6/45) and Nagasaki(8/9/45) were bombed- 200,000 Japanese lost their lives • September 2, 1945- Japanese surrender- WWII over • Victory Over Japan

  40. Section 5 The End of WWII

  41. War’s Aftermath • The war had killed as many as 50 million people around the world • As the war ended people began to learn the full extent of the inhumanity of the Holocaust • At the Nuremberg Trials nazi leaders were tried for “crimes against humanity” • The western allies occupied Germany and Japan with democratic constitutions

  42. Establishing the United Nations • April 1945, 50 nations convened in San Francisco to draft a charter for the United Nations • General Assembly- all members voted • Security Council- had the right to veto any decision (US, Soviet Union, Britain, France, and China)

  43. Effects of the War • 70 Million Fought • 50 Million+ casualties • SU-22 Million • Germany- 8 Million • Japan- 2 Million • 6 Million Jews (Holocaust) • 400,000 Americans • Use of new weapons made WWII the most destructive in history

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