The American Revolution: 1775-1783

1. The American Revolution: 1775-1783

2. Phase I:The Northern Campaign[1775-1776] Ethan Allen Benedict Arnold Henry Knox Trying to get Canada to support the American cause

3. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.

4. On the Eve of the Revolution ?

5. Phase II: NY & PA[1777-1778]

6. July 1776 – The British are Back! Battle of Long Island in August 1776 – Washington retreats to Manhattan Hessian solders take no prisoners John Glover and his marble head militia from MA man the boats Unlikely turn of fate – thick fog rolled in – patriots could escape Washington withdraws to Harlem heights and NY catches on fire Army retreats to PA Many colonists still loyalists – red ribbons tacked on doors Army is poorly trained and deserts often The Battle for New York

7. New York City in Flames(1776)

8. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851 The Battle of Trenton

9. Washington’s Plan – sneak attack Christmas night 2,400 troops, again with help of John Glover and his marblehead militia Captain Alexander Hamilton and his cannons used to devastating effects Future Pres. James Monroe wounded The entire Hessian force was captured (@1400) Hessian commander killed (Johann Rall) Army’s “policy of humanity” Only 5 colonial soldiers killed Attacked and won Princeton – settled into Morristown, NJ for rest of winter The Battle of Trenton

10. September 1777 – Brandywine Creek and fall of Philadelphia Paoli Massacre October 1777, Battle of Germantown Retreat to Whitemarsh and then Valley Forge British Counterattack

11. Counterattack Continued • Howe’s Northern Campaign Plan, • Burgoyne and Col. Barry St. Leger attack South from Canada • Howe attacks North from NY • American’s retreat slows Burgoyne • Burgoyne’s desperation and mistakes • mobilizes public support to fight for the Americans (rallying cry for the atrocities)

12. Saratoga-Sept/Oct, 1777 “Turning Point” of the War • Burgoyne (@7500), Gates, (@8500-12000) • Biggest American victory thus far • Feb. 1778. France formal alliance • Supplies, troops, money, and NAVY from French

13. Spain joined war as France’s ally – Florida and Mississippi River (1778) Netherlands (1780) Prior to formal alliance Marquis de Lafayette Johan Kalb Thaddeus kosciusko Friedrich Von Steuben More Foreign Allies

14. Horrible winter at Valley Forge sheer determination of Americans to fight at all costs Lack of financial support from Congress British blockade – economic distress Inflation hurt the American colonists’ ability to buy goods Washington’s Hardshipsduring War ??? sb c

15. Howe abandons Philadelphia, heads north, Battle of Monmouth Heavy casualties Major defeat for Howe American Colonel George Rogers Clark Helps capture Brit. Posts in Indiana and IL Feb. 1779, Clark gets Native American help to take Fort Vicennes in Indiana Victory strengthens claims to Ohio River Valley Nathaniel Greene takes over command in the South Fighting Turns West

16. Phase III:The Southern Strategy [beginning in 1779 and for the next 3 years]

17. Britain’s “Southern Strategy” • Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. • British Royal Navy seize Savannah, GA, and Charleston, SC • Southern Phase vicious – Americans pitted against Americans

18. Cornwallis invades North Carolina in March 1781, heads North into Virginia towards American General Marquis de Lafayette’s forces Southern Phase

19. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Rochambeau AdmiralDe Grasse

20. Washington and Rochambeau marched south as Adm. De Grasse sailed north from the West Indies to Chesapeake Bay to cut off British communication Early October 1781, Washington, Rochambeau, and Lafayette meet up, and besiege Cornwallis on October 2nd. Cornwallis and his unsupplied troops now face army twice the size of their own, blocking his escape from the peninsula De Grasse's naval forces turned back British Adm. Graves's ships coming to Cornwallis's rescue and thereby prevented Cornwallis's escape or his reinforcement. The Battle of Yorktown

21. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown October 19, 1781 “The World Turned Upside Down!” Painted by JohnTrumbull, 1797

22. What did the British Lose???

23. 1. England recognized American independence 2. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence R. became boundary between Canada and America 3. Mississippi R. became western border b/w America and Spanish territory 4. Navigation on river was open to Americans and British citizens 5. Florida was returned to Spain and the border between Florida and America was set 6. Britain removed all troops from American territory 7. Congress pledged to recommend to states that rights/property of Loyalists be restored The Treaty of Paris

24. North America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783

25. Washington resigned from the army and gave command over to Congress Most Americans saw themselves as individual states, not a unified nation * Federalist vs. Anti-federalist Without a strong central government and no one left to handle the debt America was in 50 million in debt States did not feel they had to pay off a “national debt” New Problemsto deal with

26. WholesalePriceIndex:1770-1789

27. Federalist vs. Anti-FederalistStrongholds at the End of the War

28. Articles of Confederation Government: 1781-1789

29. The Articles of Confederation – our 1st Constitution • A unicameral Congress – 9 out of 13 to pass a law • 13 out of 13 to amend. • Representatives were frequently absent. • Congress could declare war, but did not have authority to tax or raise armies. • No executive or judicial branches. • No federal court system – each state had its own system • Voting rules varied from state to state

30. State Constitutions • Republicanism. • Most had strong governors with veto power. • Most had bicameral legislatures. • Property required for voting. • Some had universal white male suffrage. • Most had bills of rights. • Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

31. One vote for each state, regardless of size Congress was powerless, no real power Could not tax Could not regulate foreign, interstate commerce No executive branch to enforce laws No judicial branch to interpret laws Articles only created a “firm league of friendship,” not a unified country Criticisms of Articles

32. Occupational Composition of Several State Assembliesin the 1780s

33. Indian Land Cessions:1768-1799

34. Disputed Territorial ClaimsBetween Spain & the U. S.:1783-1796

35. State Claims to Western Lands

36. Land Ordinance of 1785

37. Northwest Ordinance of 1787 • One of the major accomplishments of the Confederation Congress! • Statehood achieved in three stages: • Congress appointed 3 judges & a governor to govern the territory. • When population reached 5,000 adult male landowners  elect territorial legislature. • When population reached 60,000  elect delegates to a state constitutional convention.

38. The United States in 1787

39. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

40. Annapolis Convention (1786) • 12 representatives from 5 states[NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] • GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. • Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. • Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

41. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 • Daniel Shays • Western MA • Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

42. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

43. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- GeorgeWashington